MET and NAV review

FINAL EXAM for sure study areas PGF vs coriolis Virga, subsidence, isotach, isotherm, isobar, VDF Surface analysis vs prognostic chart Temperature effect on altimeter Stability- rising air and/or air masses Frontal weather, GFA validity, wind limits Light & variable, freezing level Vacuum driven heading indicator for navigation Rhumb line, great circle, small circle, agonic line, deviation vs. variation Compass errors – northerly turning, ANDS, quadrantal

FINAL EXAM for sure study areas Control zones, VFR minima, airspace classification, low level airspace, cruising altitudes, special VFR, transponder airspace CDI, VOT check, VOR accuracy limits, ADF errors VOR and ADF orientation and use, ADF tuning One VFR cross country – planning log, flight plan, Vnc chart completion, drift lines Time zone adjustments, CFS use for planning, VHF frequencies, reserves, safety heights ETA’s, Heading corrections, wind determination, revised ETA Enroute GFA, TAF and METAR interpretation, PIREP interpretation, AIRMET interpretation

One in Sixty Rule 1:60 is the same as 1 degree

ANABATIC WIND

CLOUD CLASSIFICATION

TEMPERATURE The atmosphere is heated from below. Temperature increase decreases density. Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air becomes warmed by the ground as it moves over it Convection: sun heats ground, ground heats the air, warmer and less dense pockets rise Turbulence: vertical movement of air due to winds and convection Compression: air sinks, compresses and heats (Chinooks, high pressure areas)

Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air can be warmed by the ground as it moves over it

Air Masses of North America Continental Arctic: Ca not in summer; low water content; warmed from below enroute, strong winds produce turbulence; heap clouds and snow showers; rarely in B.C. except as a cold-air invasion (Continental Polar: Cp) Maritime Arctic: Ma starts as Ca that spends some time over the northern Pacific ocean; moist and unstable at high altitudes; stratocumulus and cumulus; pe/sn/-shra; in summer: northern lakes affect the air mass Maritime Polar: Mp more time spent over Pacific ocean; warmer in lower levels; more stable than Ma; orographic lifting makes rain west of mountains (Rockies) and dry air east of mountains; Summer: Tsra/Cb Maritime Tropical: Mt very warm and moist; Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean & south of 30°N; Winter: rarely at the surface N of Great lakes, but present at high altitudes; unstable when subject to Frontal lift; gives sn/ra/zr/icing and turbulence; FOG (east coast); Summer: shra/tsra

Cumulus Stage: Cloud driven upward by the latent heat as water vapour condenses Strong updrafts prevail throughout. Temperatures in cell are higher than outside temperature at the same level. No precipitation while water and ice are suspended. Mature Stage: Heights may reach 60,000 feet Updrafts up to 6,000 ft/min As the water droplets grow large enough to fall, they drag air down with them. Downdraft starts in the middle region of the cloud minutes in duration; lightning, microburst, hail, wind shear. Appearance of precipitation on the ground. Dissipation stage: downdraft spreads throughout the cell (except top) gradual cessation of rainfall and the passing rain cools the lower regions Anvil shape

WEATHER TERMINOLOGY SKY CONDITION Clear: 0/8 Few: 1/8 to 2/8 Scattered: 3/8 to 4/8 Broken: 5/8 to 7/8 Overcast: 8/8 IFR: less than 1000 ft &/or 3 miles MVFR: ft &/or 3-5 miles VFR: greater than 3000 ft & better than 5

ACTUAL LAPSE RATE METAR CYKZ Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095 FCST BASED ON DATA VALID FOR USE YYZ Lapse may be roughly 1 o /1,000 ft 4000 cloud base Lapse roughly 1.5 o /1,000 ft Note that the lowest layer of cloud is SC (cumulus) and likely formed from convection. Consider that any rising pockets had a dew point of -13 and therefore reached dew point and formed cloud at 4,000, before they got to the 6,000 foot altitude where temperature is actually measured

GFA Issued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730Z Covers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlook Country covered with 7 GFA areas Heights are feet above sea level Section 3 of MET in AIP Minimum of 5k to have speed be indicated CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicated Winds less than 20 k usually not shown Amended GFA shows CCA, etc. in title box

5-8 Geostrophic Wind

5-11 Surface Friction

FOG

FOG Fog is cloud (usually stratus) that is in contact with the ground. forms in relatively stable air where the temperature to dew point spread is small, wind may be present requires condensation nuclei Usually needs a cooling process Types of Fog: RadiationAdvection UpslopeSteam FrontalIce

Radiation Fog: clear night, light wind, high humidity, often a high pressure area.

Advection Fog: warm moist air moving over colder land, horizontal movement, warm fronts/oceans, sometimes strong winds (+25kts)

Upslope Fog

Ice Fog: Byproduct of fuel burn in engine is water (as vapour)… added to cold crisp air. (sublimation: vapour to ice)

Frontal Fog: vapour addition raises the dew point of the air mass under a warm front

Steam fog: cold air moving over a warm surface

FLIGHT PLAN see RAC section in AIM

FLIGHT PLANNING LOG Hwy NW 04/1011w9: Hwy Barrie / w :261.9 Nota Bay / w :110.8 CNY385SW06/0610w6:060.5 CYOO GOLFME11 FEB 71 : : :30 2.2

WAC

LOW LEVEL AIRWAYS From 2,200’ AGL up to but not including 18,000’ ASL

IFR & VFR SUMMARY

KZ 2

106 kt 122 kt 106 kt Track = 189º Ground Speed = 122 kt Heading = 196º TAS = 106 kt Wind Direction = 332º Wind speed = 20 kt Practice Problem D

Xwind & CRFI

PQ 1 Obstacles, Arcal, ATF & Peripheral frequency

FDs – Interpolation FCST BASED ON DATA VALID FOR USE YAM YOW YQG YVV YYB YYZ

FLIGHT PLANNING LOG CYGK Start, t/o 67 NE 13w: CYOW / w :403.1 Contingency Include if appropriate 20% fuel1.9 circuit:060.5 CYGK GULPME22 MAR : : :30 2.2

VOR

VOR EQUIPMENT CHECKS

TRACKING AWAY FROM A STATION

TRACKING TO A STATION

ADF LIMITATIONS TWILIGHT EFFECT JUST BEFORE/AFTER SUNSET/SUNRISE - fly high GREATER AT GREAT DISTANCE – use less than 350 khz TERRAIN or MOUNTAIN EFFECT SHORELINE – signals crossing at less than 30 o ELECTRICAL STORMS BANK ERROR – ALL TURNS LOOP ANTENNAE ROTATES TO SENSE DIRECTION OF INCOMING SIGNAL AND IS MOUNTED PARALLEL TO NORMAL AXIS

SOME RULES 1.WHEN INTERCEPTING A TRACK TO OR FROM A STATION, BEARING INDICATOR ALWAYS AWAY FROM 0 OR TOWARDS WHEN TURNING, IF HEADING INDICATOR INCREASES, THEN ADF BEARING INDICATOR (VALUE) DECREASES HI LESS, ADF MORE 3.WHEN TRACKING, NEEDLE RIGHT? YES, THEN WIND IS FROM THE RIGHT SO TURN RIGHT, ETC. 4.MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING = MAGNETIC BEARING TO THE STATION MH + RB = MB TO THE STATION MH = MB – RB RB = MB - MH