Medieval Christianity to the Cluny Reform Movement Monasticism Conversions within Europe Popular Piety and Personal Religious Practice Reform Efforts in the 11th and 12th Centuries

Monasticism Asceticism Eastern: St. Anthony of Egypt (@251-356) Celtic: St. Patrick (5th C.; dies in 490)

St. Anthony of Egypt: Ascetic Monasticism The Temptation of St. Anthony by Bosch

Monasticism Asceticism Communal Eastern: St. Anthony of Egypt (@251-356) Celtic: St. Patrick (5th cent.; dies in 490) Communal Celtic: St. Columba (521-597) St. Benedict: Rule for Monasteries (c. 530)

Celtic Communal Monasticism: St. Columba (521-597) Very ascetic AKA St. Colmcille Columba founded the Monastery at Iona off coast of Scotland, and his students traveled throughout Europe

St. Benedict of Nursia Rule for Monasteries, (@529-530) Monastery at Monte Cassino His rule promoted as model for communal monasticism based on prayer, study, and physical labor

Monastic Legacy: Sacred Texts The Book of Kells (Ireland)

Monasticism Asceticism Communal Eastern: St. Anthony of Egypt (c. 251-356) Celtic: St. Patrick (5th cent., dies in 490) Communal Celtic: St. Columba (521-597) St. Benedict: Rule for Monasteries (c. 530) Other Members of the Clergy: The “Secular” Clergy

Christian Conversions in Europe Methods By the Sword: Role of the papal alliance with the Franks

The Conversion of Clovis (c. 495) by St. Remi at Reims

Christian Conversions in Europe Methods By the Sword: Role of the papal alliance with the Franks By the Cross: missionaries and monks: St. Boniface (680-754) Results: Syncretic Christianity

Medieval Christianity to the Cluny Reform Movement Monasticism Conversions within Europe Popular piety and personal religious practice Reform efforts in the 11th and 12th centuries

Popular Piety: Witnessing Syncretic Christianity Calendar Christianity: Holy-Days Followed Pagan/Agricultural Calendar Hallowe’en (All Hallows Eve) Christmas Carnival (Carne vale or goodbye to meat) Easter (St. Jerome “Against Vigilantius”) Pentecost Veneration of saints

Veneration of the Saints Saints of Local Interest Often Individuals who had impact in the area May or may not be “officially” Canonized by Church Example: Ursula of Cologne

St. Ursula, Cologne “St. Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins” 4th c. British princess avoiding marriage to a pagan prince and dies after visit to Rome Legend mixes pagan with Christian 12th c. re-emergence

Veneration of the Saints Saints of Local Interest Often Individuals who had impact in the area May not be “officially” Canonized by Church Example: Ursula of Cologne “International” Saints Individuals with wide reputations Generally acknowledged by Church Mary: Mother of Jesus, esp’ly from 11th c.

Popular Piety: Witnessing Syncretic Christianity Calendar Christianity: Holy-Days Veneration of saints Local or International (Mary) Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage Sites associated with Saints or Key Events Long and Short Pilgrimages Longer trips could last up to a year Longer trips often performed by or organized by the wealthy/landed classes Financial aid Shorter Trips “counted” less, but allowed for more participation

Popular Piety: Witnessing Syncretic Christianity Calendar Christianity: Holy-Days Followed Pagan/Agricultural Calendar Examples: Hallowe’en, Christmas, Carnival, Easter (St. Jerome “Against Vigilantius”), Pentecost Saint Veneration: Local or International (Mary) Pilgrimage Sites Associated with Saints or Key Events Long and Short Pilgrimages Relic Veneration

Relic Veneration Blend of “High” Church and “Low” Church Not unique to Christian churches Christian doctrine develops over time: NOT worship of the object itself, but connection to the divine through object associated with a holy person Reliquaries

Reliquaries with Slivers of the True Cross

Relic Veneration Blend of “High” Church and “Low” Church Not unique to Christian churches Christian doctrine develops over time: NOT worship of the object itself, but connection to the divine through object associated with a holy person Reliquaries Incorporates Veneration of Saints and Magic: Differences between East and West

The Foot of St. Basil, @4th C.

Relic Veneration Blend of “High” Church and “Low” Church Not unique to Christian churches Christian doctrine develops over time: NOT worship of the object itself, but connection to the divine through object associated with a holy person Reliquaries Incorporates Veneration of Saints and Magic: Differences between East and West Other Examples The “True Cross”: St. Helena (326) Gregory of Tours

Discovery of the True Cross, St. Helena (326 CE)

Veneration of a Relic of the True Cross “The Vendramin Family, venerating a relic of the True Cross,” by Titian (@mid-1540s)

Gregory of Tours (c. 588) “Often I heard how even the lamps [at Poitiers] that were lit in front of these relics bubbled up because of the divine power and dripped so much oil that frequently they filled a vessel underneath. But because of the foolishness of my closed mind I was never motivated to believe these stories until that power which is at present being revealed reproved my slow-witted hesitation. . .”

Clunaic Reforms and Medieval Society Church Reform in the 11th and 12th centuries Papacy of Innocent III Impact of Emphasis on Spirituality: New Orders Medieval Society (c. 1000 – 1300)

Church Reform in the 11th & 12th Centuries Practices open to dispute Investiture Simony “Concubinage” (clerical marriage) The Monastery at Cluny (910) Papal Support: Leo IX and Nicholas II Election Decree (1059) Gregory VII (1073-1085), Henry IV (1056-1106) and the Investiture Conflict Canossa (1077) Who won? Concordat of Worms (1122)

Papacy of Innocent III (1198-1216) Firm believer in papal authority Built up the Business of the Papacy Added taxes: Peter’s Pence, Annates Reserved right to forgive certain sins Extended crusades inside Europe to attack Heresy Albigensians (Cathars) in southern France Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Established transubstantiation as doctrine Formalized penance and eucharistic requirements

Sign of Spirituality: New Orders Several Ascetic Orders Founded in 11th century. Carthusians (1084) Cistercians (1098) New Mendicant Orders of 13th century Friars not monks Franciscans (1210) Dominicans (1216)

Monastic Reforms: the Cistercians Founded 1098 in Citeaux Robert of Molesme and Benedictine Monks Led by Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) Return to asceticism and strict discipline Distance from secular society Monasteries in Wilderness

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)

Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)

Dominicans (sanctioned 1216)

Sign of Spirituality: New Orders Several Ascetic Orders Founded in 11th C. Carthusians (1084) Cistercians (1098) New Mendicant Orders Friars not Monks Franciscans (1210) Dominicans (1216) Tertiaries: Lay people following the rule of an order Women: Monastic (Hildegard of Bingen) and lay religious (Beguines)