Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape.

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Presentation transcript:

Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape.

Outline 1.The basics: Synforms and antiforms 2.Geometric elements of folds 3.Classification schemes

Synforms and Antiforms Monocline Synform — Includes synclines and synformal anticlines Antiform — Includes anticlines and anticlinal synclines

Geometric elements of folds-I Fold profile plane Fold hinge Hinge zone Fold limb

Geometric elements of folds-II Inflection point Axial plane Axial trace

Simple and complex fold elements

Wavelength and amplitude

Classification: Orientation of hinge/axial surface

Classify Me

Classification: Interlimb angle Gentle 180–170° Open 170–90° Tight 90–10° Isoclinal 10–0°

Classify Me

Classification based on shape Cylindrical folds Chevron or kink folds Cuspate folds Symmetrical vs. Asymmetrical folds

Classify Me

Symmetrical ??

Fold Vergence

Vergence ??

Classification: Layer thickness Parallel or concentric folds Similar folds

Classify Me

Dip-isogon classification Class-1A Class-1B (parallel) Class-1C Class-2 (similar) Class-3

Parasitic folds

What happens in non-similar folds?

Disharmonic Folds

Map symbols used for folds Anticlines and synclines Overturned anticlines and synclines Plunging folds