1 4-4:10 PM 18-Nov-2008 Clean Energy University Spin Out Panel Thanks to: Exponential technologies for reading & writing genomes

2 Renewable Energy Resources: Human 15 TW

3 Photovoltaics vs Photosynthesis Energy efficiency for photovoltaics at 10-40% and 11% for photosynthesis, but the first is peak performance and ignores storage, while the latter is calculated from grams of biofuel per hectare per year (including night & winter). Energy Density: Lithium ion Battery 0.7 kJ/g (Bio)Diesel fuel 43 kJ/g Atmospheric CO 2 is adressed by few energy sources Total : 2E18 g 1% added by human activities 15% removed by photosynthesis yearly (algae 30X more efficient) Agricultural biomass: 3% of the total & 15% yearly change

4 CO 2 reduction “to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed.. CO 2 will need to be reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm.” 9% = 2E17 g USA: 7E9 meters of highways * 3E6 g/m = 2E16 g James Hansen, et al. Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2: (2008) CO 2 maintenance: 2% of arable land to replace all petro-fuel with algal (US 40K km 2 ) vs farm animals 80%

5 Bio-petroleum from grasses or algae Immiscible Products Facilitate Purification Separate from water without distillation Decrease toxicity to producer strain >2 million liters in 2009 aqueous organic Extracellular Intracellular Localization Distribution (% total) , months Leverage current infrastructure & engines Fatty acid derived

6 Algal, fungal pathways to triglycerides, alkanes, olefins, terpenes Botryococcus braunii decarbonylase Methylelcosene from Prasiola stipitata

7 2 million liter scale example: Dupont/Genencor: 1,3 Propanediol (7 years & $400M R&D) 135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 51% yieldheoretical) from glucose 135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 51% yield (90% of theoretical) from glucose 27 changes to 4.6 Mbp E.coli ackA aldA aldB arcA crr edd gldA glpK mgsA pta ptsH ptsI yqhC Saccharomyces: DAR1 GPP2 Klebsiella: dhaB1,B2,B3,X; orfX,Y P1.5.gapA P1.6.ppc P1.6.btuR P1.6.yqhD Ptrc.galP Ptrc.glk (13 knock-outs, 8 insertions, 6 regulatory changes) Glycerol DAR1 GPP2 Glycerol-3-P - NADH 3HPA coB 12 - NADPH yqhD dhaB1-3 1,3 propanediol Yeast Klebsiella E.coli

8 Improving process yield, health, safety: What threatens all biological systems? What do all viruses have in common? or lack?

9 PEG-pAcPhe-hGH (Ambrx) high serum stability 314 TAG to TAA changes Isaacs Charalel Church Sun Wang Carr Jacobson Kong Sterling New genetic code: viral-resistance, novel amino acids no functional GMO DNA exchange TTT F 30362TCT S 11495TAT Y 21999TGT C 7048 TTC22516TCC11720TAC16601TGC8816 TTA L 18932TCA9783TAA STOP 2703TGA STOP 1256 TTG18602TCG12166TAG314TGGW20683 CTT L 15002CCT P 9559CAT H 17613CGT R CTC15077CCC7485CAC13227CGC29898 CTA5314CCA11471CAA Q 20888CGA4859 CTG71553CCG31515CAG39188CGG7399 ATT I 41309ACT T 12198AAT N 24159AGT S ATC34178ACC31796AAC29385AGC21862 ATA 5967ACA9670AAA K 45687AGA R 2896 ATGM37915ACG19624AAG14029AGG1692 GTT V 24858GCT A 20762GAT D 43719GGT G GTC20753GCC34695GAC25918GGC40285 GTA14822GCA27418GAA E 53641GGA10893 GTG35918GCG45741GAG24254GGG

10 DNA technology tracked Moore’s law (2X / 2 yr) until (10X / yr) 40X 98% genome $5K in 2008 ($50 for 1%?) $/bp

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