Ethnic and National Identification as Determinants of In-Group and Out- Group Evaluations: The Basque Case Borja Martinovic, Maykel Verkuyten & Jeroen Weesie Utrecht University, the Netherlands CRONEM, 13 June 2007

Introduction This study distinguishes between national and ethnic identification This study distinguishes between national and ethnic identification The relationship between the two types of identification and the evaluation of in-group and multiple out-groups is examined The relationship between the two types of identification and the evaluation of in-group and multiple out-groups is examined The aim is contribute to the further understanding of identification and group evaluation processes in a real-life and politically tense context. The aim is contribute to the further understanding of identification and group evaluation processes in a real-life and politically tense context.

Spanish-Basque context The case of interest is Basque community in Spain The case of interest is Basque community in Spain For people who identify as Basque, Basques are seen as the in-group, and Andalusians, Catalans and Spaniards as out-groups For people who identify as Basque, Basques are seen as the in-group, and Andalusians, Catalans and Spaniards as out-groups For people who identify as Spanish, the Spaniards are seen as the in-group, and Andalusians, Catalans and Basques as out- groups For people who identify as Spanish, the Spaniards are seen as the in-group, and Andalusians, Catalans and Basques as out- groups

Theory SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY Identification with a group influences intergroup behaviour Identification with a group influences intergroup behaviour In-group positivity principle In-group positivity principle Out-group derogation Out-group derogation Pro in-group attitudes are not necessarily related to anti out-group attitudes Pro in-group attitudes are not necessarily related to anti out-group attitudes Group evaluations need to be understood in their social context Group evaluations need to be understood in their social context

Hypotheses H1: A direct positive relationship between group identification and in-group evaluation H1: A direct positive relationship between group identification and in-group evaluation H2: A positive relationship between in-group identification and the evaluation of similar out- groups H2: A positive relationship between in-group identification and the evaluation of similar out- groups H3: A negative relationship between in-group identification and the evaluation of threatening out- groups H3: A negative relationship between in-group identification and the evaluation of threatening out- groups H3a: A direct negative association between Spanish identification and the evaluation of Catalans H3b: For other three groups Basque nationalism functions as a mediator between in-group identification and out- group evaluations

Spanish identification Basque identification Basque ethnic nationalism Evaluation of Spaniards Evaluation of Andalusians Evaluation of Catalans Evaluation of Basques

Data and participants 774 secondary school students from 25 schools in the Basque Autonomous Community 774 secondary school students from 25 schools in the Basque Autonomous Community years of age (M=16) years of age (M=16) 50.9% females and 49.1% males 50.9% females and 49.1% males

Measures: DV Group evaluation: Group evaluation: Spaniards, Basques, Andalusians and Catalans Pre-test survey  37 respondents from Spain ranked Spanish sub-groups according to how prototypically Spanish they are Pre-test survey  37 respondents from Spain ranked Spanish sub-groups according to how prototypically Spanish they are Castilians and Andalusians most prototypical; Basques and Catalans most atypical Castilians and Andalusians most prototypical; Basques and Catalans most atypical No evaluation of Castilians in the data  focus on Andalusians No evaluation of Castilians in the data  focus on Andalusians Stereotype valence: 10 positive and 10 negative traits Stereotype valence: 10 positive and 10 negative traits

Measures: IV Basque identification: Basque identification: 6 questions measured on a scale from 1 to 4 about feeling Basque and belonging to the Basque group Spanish identification: Spanish identification: The same 6 questions with reference to Spanish identity

Factor 1Factor 2 I feel I am Basque I like to be Basque I am proud to be Basque I feel I have a common origin with other Basques I feel I am a member of one Basque family I feel I have Basque blood I feel I am Spanish I like to be Spanish I am proud to be Spanish I feel I have a common origin with other Spaniards I feel I am a member of one Spanish family I feel I have Spanish blood

Measures: IV (2) Basque ethnic nationalism: Basque ethnic nationalism: 8 questions, measured on a scale from 1 to 4, about wanting an independent and ethnically pure Basque state Cronbach’s alpha=.90

Analysis Structural equation modelling Structural equation modelling Mplus software Mplus software No test of the measurement model due to the modest sample size and high alphas No test of the measurement model due to the modest sample size and high alphas A fair number of missing values in questions about identification and Basque nationalism  Full-information maximum likelihood estimation A fair number of missing values in questions about identification and Basque nationalism  Full-information maximum likelihood estimation

Descriptive results Basque identification (M=3.31) is significantly higher than Spanish identification (M=2.11) Basque identification (M=3.31) is significantly higher than Spanish identification (M=2.11) Average scores on Basque identification are significantly above the midpoint, while Spanish identification is significantly below it Average scores on Basque identification are significantly above the midpoint, while Spanish identification is significantly below it Basques are the most positively evaluated group (M=3.09), followed by Spaniards (M=.80), Andalusians (M=.74) and Catalans (M=-.40) Basques are the most positively evaluated group (M=3.09), followed by Spaniards (M=.80), Andalusians (M=.74) and Catalans (M=-.40)

Basque identification Basque nationalism Evaluation of Spaniards Evaluation of Basques Evaluation of Andalusians Evaluation of Catalans Spanish identification -.488**-.656**.557** -.172**.278**-.123* Basque identification.617**-.325**.240**-.132**.111* Basque nationalism -.475**.227**-.332**.049 Evaluation of Spaniards **-.076* Evaluation of Basques Evaluation of Andalusians ** p<.01 * p<.05

Spanish identification Basque identification Basque ethnic nationalism Evaluation of Spaniards Evaluation of Andalusians Evaluation of Catalans Evaluation of Basques.18***.16*** -.49***.59*** -.05*** ***.05* -.07***

Conclusion The findings show a clear positive relationship between identification and in-group evaluation, which is in line with the ‘in-group positivity principle’ The findings show a clear positive relationship between identification and in-group evaluation, which is in line with the ‘in-group positivity principle’ The relationship between identification and out- group evaluation is more complex The relationship between identification and out- group evaluation is more complex There is no association between in-group identification and the evaluation of similar out-groups The association is negative for threatening out-groups, and it is mediated by ideological notions, such as nationalism

Conclusion (2) Social psychology has paid relatively little attention to dual identities Social psychology has paid relatively little attention to dual identities Multiple out-groups rarely researched Multiple out-groups rarely researched Most studies are of experimental nature Most studies are of experimental nature  This article examined dual identities and multiple out-group evaluations in a real-life intergroup context!