ICS 454: Principles of Cryptography

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ICS 454: Principles of Cryptography Block Ciphers & DES Sultan Almuhammadi

Outline (Stallings 3.1-3.2) Stream cipher vs. Block cipher Motivation Reversible vs. Irreversible mapping Ideal Block Cipher DES

Stream Cipher & Block Cipher stream cipher: encrypts data stream one bit or one byte at a time. E.g.: Caesar shift cipher (one letter at time) XOR-scheme (one bit at a time) block cipher: a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal length. Block size (typically): 64 or 128 bits e.g. Feistel cipher and DES

Motivation A block cipher operates on a block of n bits. It produces a ciphertext block of n bits. There are 2n possible different plaintext/ciphertext blocks. The encryption must be reversible. i.e. decryption to be possible. each plaintext must produce a unique ciphertext block. (one-to-one correspondence)

Reversible vs. Irreversible Reversible Mapping Plaintext Ciphertext 00 11 01 10 10 00 11 01 Irreversible Mapping Plaintext Ciphertext 00 11 01 10 10 01 11 01

Ideal Block Cipher (a general substitution cipher) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

Encryption/Decryption Table for Substitution Cipher

Problems with Ideal Cipher If a small block size, such as n = 4, is used, then the system is equivalent to a classical substitution cipher  Easy attack (statistical analysis of the plaintext) If large block size is usednot practical (for implementation and performance) Huge encryption/decryption tables  Huge key: for n = 4, key size = 4 bits x 16 rows = 64 bits for n = 64, key size = 64 x 264 = 270 = 1021 bits

Data Encryption Standard (DES) Widely used encryption scheme. Adopted by National Bureau of Standards in 1977. The algorithm itself is called Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA). Data are encrypted in 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key.

DES Encryption

DES: Initial Permutation (IP)

DES: Inverse Initial Permutation

Single Round of DES Algorithm

DES: Expansion Permutation (E)

DES: S-Boxes

DES Encryption

DES Decryption Decryption uses the same algorithm as encryption, except that the application of the subkeys is reversed.