Engendering the census: Capture secondary economic activity, especially of women and part-time workers * * * Robert McCaa, Professor of Population History University of Minnesota Population Center additional information at:

Commercial: IPUMS-International A global partnership to integrate census microdata samples and make extracts available free of cost to researchers and policy makers, regardless of country of birth, residence or citizenship

What’s new since Kigali? 1. IPUMS on-site inspection; Dennis Trewin (see report): » IPUMS is “best practice” » “Security…is first class… of the standard of the best statistical offices.” » No major problems were identified; enhancements suggested were minor. 2. Implemented dynamic metadata system » Compare text of any question for any combination of countries and censuses » Includes instructions from training manuals » Available in official language and English translation » Limited to participating countries 3. Recovered Sudan 1973 census microdata 4. Endorsed MOU with 7 countries; total = Launched integrated microdata for 6 additional countries: 6. Held IPUMS workshop in Lisbon, PT

What’s new since Kigali? 1. IPUMS on-site inspection; Dennis Trewin (see report): » IPUMS is “best practice” 2. Implemented dynamic metadata system 3. Recovered Sudan 1973 census microdata 4. Endorsed MOU with 7 countries; total = 74 » Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, India, Nepal, Sierra Leone, & Tanzania » IPUMS encompasses 3/4 th of the world’s population. 5. Launched integrated microdata samples for 6 countries: » Argentina, Hungary, Israel, Palestine, Portugal, and Rwanda » Database totals more than 200 million person records (26 countries, 80 censuses) 6. Held IPUMS workshop in Lisbon, PT » 21 countries participated; only 4 from Africa

IPUMS workshop, Lisbon: Aug 22-25, 2007

IPUMS-International, ASSD III (Accra 2007) dark green = disseminating (26 countries, 80 censuses, 200mpr) green = harmonizing (48 countries, 125 censuses, 250mpr) lightest green = negotiating Mollweide projection

Please see (or ) me (or one of African census partners) if you would like to discuss participating in IPUMS. I’m here ‘til Saturday evening. Let’s have a big workshop for 57 th ISI (2009)!! - End of Commercial –

IPUMS: most complete archive of census documentation –We are scanning main census documentation, 1960-present –IPUMS-Africa CD (copy provided to each delegation): questionnaires for 194 censuses, –1960 round – present: lack forms for 62 censuses. To integrate microdata, study documentation carefully To integrate microdata, study documentation carefully We learned “best practice” for capturing female economic activity, from integration We learned “best practice” for capturing female economic activity, from integration (This report is part of a global analysis to be presented next week at the Global Forum on Gender Statistics in Rome.) (This report is part of a global analysis to be presented next week at the Global Forum on Gender Statistics in Rome.) Engendering economic activity — a global perspective acquired from integrating census microdata

~50% of economic activity goes unreported Missed opportunity in fighting poverty Missed opportunity in fighting poverty Unpaid work Unpaid work – within SNA production boundary Family enterprise, agricultural holding Family enterprise, agricultural holding Produce goods for household consumption Produce goods for household consumption – outside SNA production boundary Meal preparation, household maintenance Meal preparation, household maintenance Care of children, elderly, sick, disabled Care of children, elderly, sick, disabled Volunteer services Volunteer services UNECA: gender disaggregated statistics on household production (HP) see ASSD (p. 15, Dr. Alfred Latigo)

ASSD Section 6 (p. 10, ff) and ASSD Section 1.4 (p. 2): Unfortunately, there are no suggestions for “best practice” on economic activityASSD Section 6 (p. 10, ff) and ASSD Section 1.4 (p. 2): Unfortunately, there are no suggestions for “best practice” on economic activity UNSD P&R Rev 2, section (p. 132): recommends probing questions to obtain “correct economic activity status” for women. Unfortunately, there are no examples of “best practice” UNSD P&R Rev 2, section (p. 132): recommends probing questions to obtain “correct economic activity status” for women. Unfortunately, there are no examples of “best practice” The following slide offers an example of best practiceThe following slide offers an example of best practice UNECA: gender disaggregated statistics on household production (HP) see ASSD (p. 15, Dr. Alfred Latigo)

Question 1: Last week (Name): Did you work? 27.5% Had work? 0.4 Look for work? 0.3 Are you a student? housewife? housewife? retired? retired? permanently incapacitated? permanently incapacitated? Did you not work? Mexico 2000 census--two questions on Economic Activity: 1: “Last week, did (NAME)...?” 2: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?” Question 1: female % Last week (Name): Did you work? 27.5% Had work? 0.4 Looked? 0.3 Q. 1&2: combined student/wrkd 0.5 student/wrkd 0.5 housewife/wr 3.7 housewife/wr 3.7 retired/wrkd 0.0 retired/wrkd 0.0 other/wrkd? 0.4 other/wrkd? 0.4 no reply/wrkd? 0.0 no reply/wrkd? 0.0 Question 2: Did you help in a family business? Sell some product? Make some product to sell? Help on a farm or with livestock? Or in exchange for pay did you do some other activity?

An example of “best practice” on economic activity Africa Addendum to UNSD P&R 2010: Branch only after 2 nd (probing) question 1: “Last [period], did (NAME)...?” 2: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?” Question 1 (check one): Last week, did (Name): 1. Work? >>Q Have work? >>Q Look for work? >>Q Go to school? 5. Perform household tasks? 6. Do other things? Question 2 (check one), Besides ( … ), did (Name): 1. Help in a family business? 2. Sell some product? 3. Make some product to sell? 4. Help on a farm or with livestock? 5. Do some other activity in exchange for pay? 6. None of above >>skip to next module

The African experience, round: Only 6 countries use the probing list approach. 3 others capture some secondary activity 9 continue module, without probes 17 skip economic activity, if homemaker Need forms for 2007 censuses: Swaziland and Mozambique (“IPUMS-Africa” CD contains forms for 2006/7 censuses of Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ethiopia, Lesotho, and Sudan)

17: if Homemaker, skip: “end interview”.17: if Homemaker, skip: “end interview”. Solution:Solution: –17b: list secondary activities (recall Mexico 2000 example) –If response is “no” on 17a and 17b, then end interview; otherwise record answers for 17b, 18 and 19 The problem: Nigeria 2006 — skips secondary activity

22: Questions a poser uniquement aux actifs (code 1 ou 2 est encercié à P21)22: Questions a poser uniquement aux actifs (code 1 ou 2 est encercié à P21) Solution:Solution: –P22b: probling list of secondary economic activities –If no on P22a and P22b, skip to P25; else record P23 and P24. The problem: Burkina Faso 2006 — skips secondary activity

Africa, individual economic activity in 35 censuses 6 best practices: Gambia 2003, Mauritius 2000, Mozambique 1997, Namibia 2000, South Africa 2001, Sudan capture some (all??) secondary economic activity: Cote d ’ Ivoire 1998, Ghana 2000, Mali skip all secondary activity, if homemaker: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Cape Verde, Gabon, Guinea (Conakry), Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe 9 miss most secondary activity for lack of probing list: Benin, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Morocco, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tunisia

Homemakers: must answer 16b (“did you work at all for pay or profit”, work for family farm, business, receive pay in kind) Homemakers: must answer 16b (“did you work at all for pay or profit”, work for family farm, business, receive pay in kind) If yes, continue with economic moduleIf yes, continue with economic module Gambia 2003 — captures both primary and secondary activity

South Africa 2001 — captures all with short list: “ any work for pay (in cash or kind), profit or family gain for one hour or more? ” (avoids “ homemaker skip ” )

Suggested enhancement: Reverse 13a and 13b.Reverse 13a and 13b. New 13b queries a list of culturally specific economic activities (see Mexico, Gambia or South Africa examples)New 13b queries a list of culturally specific economic activities (see Mexico, Gambia or South Africa examples) Skip only if answer is “no” on both 13a & 13bSkip only if answer is “no” on both 13a & 13b Ghana 2000 — captures some secondary activity

Suggested “best practice” on economic activityAfrica Addendum to UNSD P&R 2010: Suggested “best practice” on economic activity Africa Addendum to UNSD P&R 2010: Question X (mark one): Last 7 days, did (Name) do any work for PAY (in cash or in kind), PROFIT or FAMILY Gain, for one hour or more?: 1. Yes, formal (non-farm) 2. Yes, informal (non-farm) 3. Yes, farming/ranching 4. Yes, has work, but was temporarily absent 5. No, did not work. If No, skip to next module.

Suggested “best practice” on economic activity Africa Addendum to UNSD P&R 2010: Branch only after 2 nd (probing) question X: “Last [period], did (NAME)...?” X+1: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?” Question X (check one): Last week, did (Name): 1. Work? >>Q Z. 2. Have work? >>Q Z. 3. Look for work? >>Q Z. 4. Go to school? 5. Perform household tasks? 6. Do other things? Question X+1 (check one), Besides ( … ), did (Name): 1. Help in a family business? 2. Sell some product? 3. Make some product to sell? 4. Help on a farm or with livestock? 5. Do some other activity in exchange for pay? 6. None of above >>skip to next module

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