Precipitation reaction – reaction in which an insoluble product forms Precipitate – an insoluble solid that separates from the solution Solubility – maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a gives quantity of a specific solvent at a specific temp

Solubility table

(aq) aqueous (s) solid (g) gas (l) liquid

Acid Anything that increases the hydronium ion (H 3 O + ) concentration

Base Anything that increases the hydroxide ion (OH - ) concentration

Base Direct – OH- is contained in the base NaOH + H 2 O  Na + + OH - + H 2 O Indirect – OH- is produced in the reaction NH 3 + H 2 O  NH OH -

Bronsted – Lowry Definition Acid – substance that can donate a proton HBr + H 2 O  H 3 O+ + Br- Acid

Bronsted – Lowry Definition Base – substance that can accept a proton NH 3 + H 2 O  NH OH - Base

Strong acid/Base Is completely converted to ions in water

Weak acid/Base Is partially converted to ions in water

Strong and Weak

Properties of Acids Turn Litmus indicator red Taste Sour Dissolve active metals React with bases to form a salt and water

Properties of Bases Turn Litmus indicator blue Taste bitter Feel Slippery React with acids to form a salt and water

Acids to know HCl Hydrochloric Acid H 2 SO 4 Sulfuric Acid HNO 3 Nitric Acid HC 2 H 3 O 2 Acetic Acid

Bases to know Alkali metal Hydroxides LiOH Lithium Hydroxide NaOHSodium Hydroxide KOHPotassium Hydroxide NH 3 Ammonia

Neutralization Any time you react an acid with a base you get a salt and water HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2 O Acid basesalt water HNO 3 + LiOH  LiNO 3 + H 2 O