Memory We will begin with a story…

Fact, Fiction, and Forgetting On the next screen, you will see a list of words. Read them quickly:

Fact, Fiction, and Forgetting candycaramel soda popchocolate honeycake pieicing fudgecookie cotton candy

Fact, Fiction, and Forgetting Did the following words appear on the list you just read? candy, chocolate, sweet

Processes of Memory Encoding Put into memory Storage Retrieval Hold in memory Recover from memory

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model Environment Sensing Sensory Memory Long Term Memory Attention Short Term Memory Loss Retrieval Elaboration Loss

cheese eggs peas syrup apples flour milk Displacement in STM brea d STM (7 slots) Lost from STM eggs peas syrup apples flour milk bread peas syrup apples flour milk bread syrup apples flour milk bread apples flour milk bread flour milk bread milk bread

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory (LTM) Depth of Processing Breadth of Processing-elaborative encoding Distributed Practicing Intentional Learning Incidental Learning

Measuring Memory Three measures typically used: Recognition Recall Relearning

Forgetting Failure to Encode Consolidation Failure Decay Interference Motivated Forgetting Retrieval Failure

Amnesia Retrograde amnesia –Infantile amnesia Anterograde amnesia

Tip of the Tongue The feeling of being on the verge of recalling something Often you can say what letter it starts with, or how many syllables it has

Reconstruction Piecing memory together from a few highlights, then filling in details based on what we think should have happened (schema)

False Memories Implanting memories Distinguishing fact from fiction –Reality monitoring –Source amnesia

Repressed Memories Memories of early sexual abuse

Eye Witness Testimony Relies greatly on reconstructive memory Influential in trials Accuracy is variable

Expertise Experts remember more details Probably due to use of elaborative encoding

Hypnosis Increases rememberer's confidence & amount of inaccurate information Doesn't increase memory accuracy

Factors Affecting Retrieval Serial Position Cues Environmental Context State-Dependence Stress and Anxiety

Stress and Memory Performance Stress LowModerateHigh

The Hippocampus Deep in the brain

The Frontal Lobe

Improving Memory Organization Spaced Practice Mnemonic Devices Method of Loci Peg-Word Method Acronyms Overlearning Recall Practice

Improving Memory: Tricks and Tools Improving memory retrieval –Mentally reinstate environment in which information was learned –Focus –Keep tying –Think of characteristics of the information sought –Use external cues