Long gestation. Reduced numbers of offspring/pregnancy. Extended period of time to reach reproductive maturity Greater dependence on flexible, learned.

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Presentation transcript:

Long gestation. Reduced numbers of offspring/pregnancy. Extended period of time to reach reproductive maturity Greater dependence on flexible, learned behaviors

Tendency to live in social groups.

Menstrual and estrus cycles

Centers of gravity and pelvis shape Bipedalism

Chimpanzee: wrong pelvis for sustained bipedalism

In solidified volcanic ash – dated at 3.6 mya) Australopithecus afarensis: Laetoli, Tanzania, Africa

Sounds and language

Brain size

c. 55 mya Modern primates

Primate diversity Madagascar

Prosimians Primitive Southeast Asia, Africa, Indonesia, Madagascar Snout with moist, fleshy nose-pad Madagascan radiation: formerly 44 species of lemurs. Size range. Humans arrived c. 2,000 ybp Therefore, many species exterminated

Specialized features Aye-aye Madagascar

Lemurs Madagascar Lemurs: e.g., Ring-tailed--mostly terrestrial e.g., Sifakas--arboreal

Lorises Gabon, Central Africa Different niches

Tarsier SE Asia

Arboreal Some with prehensile tails New World monkeys

Almost exclusively arboreal Most quadrupedal Left: 7 species different niches

Old World monkeys Tails not prehensile Most arboreal and quadrupedal Colobus monkey

Exception: baboons: mainly terrestrial

What’s wrong? Humans share a common ancestor with great apes

Gibbons & Siamangs On a evolutionary branch separated from all other primates Relatively small ‘lesser’ apes lbs. 9 species SE Asia

A gibbon Most have extremely long arms Permanently curved fingers Short thumbs

Orangutan Indonesian Islands: Java & Borneo On an evolutionary branch separated from other great apes and humans Pronounced sexual dimorphism males: 200+ lbs females: 100 lbs Slow, cautious climbers “four-handed” Almost exclusively arboreal Largely solitary

♂ ♀ Pronounced sexual dimorphism

Orangutan (juvenile) Quadrupedal Bears weight on sides of hands and feet

Gorillas Largest living primates On an evolutionary branch separated from humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos Western and eastern equatorial Africa Pronounced sexual dimorphism –males: 400 lbs. –females: lbs. Primarily terrestrial

2 Species:Western (Lowland gorillas) and Eastern (Mountain gorillas)

Young gorilla Quadrupedal knuckle walking

Chimpanzees: most closely related to bonobos (same genus: Pan) Moderate sexual dimorphism: males: 100+ lbs; females: 80 lbs Some populations use tools; may engage in group hunting for meat

Chimpanzee Bonobo Not a “pygmy chimpanzee” Separate species

Bonobo Democratic Republic of the Congo Has attracted attention because of a full repertoire of sexual activities used extensively in its social interactions More linear body than chimpanzees Longer legs relative to arms Relatively smaller head Brief bouts of bipedalism: mostly quadrupedal

Threatened species Bonobo future? Rocky Mountain News: March 6, : Est. 100, : Est. 5,000 Why the drop in density? Killed and sold (ca. $200/bonobo) Prized as food. Sold to local markets and urban restaurants