Millennium Technology Prize Symposium Espoo, Finland 14 June 2004 Big Green Energy Machines Jesse H. Ausubel Program for the Human Environment The Rockefeller.

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Millennium Technology Prize Symposium Espoo, Finland 14 June 2004 Big Green Energy Machines Jesse H. Ausubel Program for the Human Environment The Rockefeller University

Bankside Power Station, London Opened for power generation in 1953, became Tate Gallery in 2000 Comparably powerful plant built today could fit in 1/10 th the space “Footprint” covers 3.5 hectares 100m tall

Source: N. Victor & J. Ausubel, 2003 Hydrocarbon fuels ranked by heat value Rank Heat Value

combustor 1500º C 400 atm 1133 º C 70 atm 790º C 400 atm 80º C 400 atm 120º C 70 atm 30 º C 70 atm 80º C 400 atm 1133 º C 70 atm condenser regenerator O2O2 CH 4 Basic ZEPP configuration, 400 atm case pump gas turbinegenerator Source: After Ichihara, Tokyo Electric Power

Power Generation Efficiencies for Power Plants ZEPP 63% (projected) ZEPP 59% (projected) ZEPP 70% (projected) Gas Turbine 50~55% Gas Turbine 48% Gas Turbine 43% Steam Turbine (Ultra Supercritical) 42~43% Steam Turbine (Conventional) 38~40% Temperature, Celsius Pressure, atmospheres Source: After Ichihara Efficiency increases with higher pressure and temperature.

USA: Hydrogen production, semi-log scale Millions of cubic feet Source: N. M. Victor and J.H. Ausubel, 2002 Year

Major fuels ranked by heat value Uranium enriched to 3.5% in LWR Firewood Brown Coals Crude Oils LPG Natural Gas Hydrogen Natural uranium in FBR Natural uranium in CANDU Natural uranium in LWR with U & Pu recycle Natural uranium in LWR MJ/kg Black Coals Source: N. Victor and J. Ausubel, 2003 Heat Value Rank

Hypothetical SuperGrid energy pipe MgB 2 Electrical Insulation Thermal Insulation Vacuum Liquid H 21 K ± 50,000 V dc 100,000 A 10 GW Source: P. Grant, EPRI

Energy SuperGrid pipe could share tunnels with high-speed, long-distance trains Source: EPRI

Like computers that comprise the Internet, power plants become more powerful AND SMALLER US Ballistic Research Lab computer, mid 1950s Dell laptop, 2004 Tennessee Valley Authority coal plant (date unknown) Delivery of General Electric 480 MW natural gas turbine, 2000