Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 1 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 2 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Objectives Explain the basic theories of motivation Understand and recognize McClelland’s three needs Gain insight into your own motive patterns Explain how managers can direct employee motivation Identify job characteristics related to motivation Describe five methods of job redesign

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 3 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Physiological Security Social Belonging Self-esteem Self-actualization Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 4 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Herzberg’sTwo-Factor Approach to Motivation MotivatingFactorsHygieneFactors

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 5 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. McClelland’s Theory of Needs Need for Achievement(n-Ach) Achievement(n-Ach) Power(n-Pow) Power(n-Pow) Affiliation(n-Aff) Affiliation(n-Aff)

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 6 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Perceived Ratio Comparison a Employee’s Assessment Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes B Inputs B Outcomes B Inputs B Outcomes B Inputs B < = > Inequity (Underrewarded) Equity Inequity (Overrewarded) a Person A is the employee, and person B is a relevant other or referent. Equity Theory

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 7 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Expectancy Theory A. Effort-to-performance expectations B. Performance-to-outcome expectancies C. Perceived valence of outcomes Ability MotivationEffort Outcomes (rewards) Performance A person’s motivation is a function of:

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 8 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Social Reinforcement Theory Reinforce desirable behavior through rewards Extinguish undesirable behavior through punishment or ignoring

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 9 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Goal-Setting Theory Setting specific goals increases performance Difficult goals accepted by employees result in higher performance Feedback causes higher performance than nonfeedback People are more committed to goals they set themselves and make public

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 10 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Characteristics of Effective Goals M A S R T pecific easurable chievable but challenging easonable imely

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 11 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Job Characteristics Model

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 12 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Job enrichment Methods of Job Redesign Job rotation Job enlargement Sociotechnical system Self-managed work teams

Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 7/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Rubin 13 ©2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Recognizing Contributions Build self-confidence through high expectations Connect performance to rewards Use a variety of rewards Be positive and hopeful