Origins of MJO in central, equatorial Indian Ocean Mechanisms for initiation not well understood MJO affects: Monsoons (Onset and Intensity) TC activity in all 3 ocean basins Teleconnections to mid-latitudes Coupling to ENSO (influences onset, intensification and irregularity of ENSO) DYNAMO---DYNAmics of the MJO Defined phases of the MJO

AMIE and CINDY/DYNAMO Sites CINDY2011/DYNAMO AMIE-Manus AMIE-Gan

DYNAMO—Fall 2011 GOAL: Improve the understanding of MJO initiation processes OBJECTIVES: Collect observations in the equatorial Indian Ocean needed to understand MJO initiation Identify critical deficiencies in numerical models responsible for the low prediction skill of MJO initiation Provide observations that will assist in the improvement of model parameterizations Provide information that will enhance MJO monitoring and climate predictions on intraseasonal timescales

Radar array in relation to DYNAMO Hypotheses 1.Deep convection can be organized into an MJO convective envelope only when the moist layer has become sufficiently deep over a region of the MJO scale 2.Specific convective populations at different stages are essential to MJO initiation 3.The barrier layer, wind- and shear-driven mixing, shallow thermocline, and mixing- layer entrainment all play essential roles in MJO initiation in the Indian Ocean

Sounding/Radar Array Dick Johnson and Paul Ciesielski leading radiosonde program

GanShip radar 1 Ship radar 2 Diego Garcia DYNAMO observing network and TRMM 3B43 Oct-Dec precipitation climatology

RV Revelle and RV Mirai: Scanning C-band and vertically-pointing W-band radars Gan “Supersite”: DOE AMF2 radars: Could include scanning polarimetric X- and K a -band radars and a vertically pointing W- or K a -band radar Texas A&M SMART-Radar: Scanning C-band NCAR S-Polka radar: Scanning, polarized, dual wavelength (K a - and S-band) Radar array

Strengths of individual radars AMF2 Vertically pointing W-band Doppler radars (also in ships): ° Non-precip & precip clouds ° Light rain ° Radiative heating X- and K a -band polarimetric Doppler radars: ° Air motions in clouds ° Liquid water SMART-R and ships C-band Doppler radars: ° Convective and stratiform precipitation ° Mesoscale air motions S-PolKa S- and K a -band polarimetric Doppler radar: ° Hydrometeor type ° Non- precip & precip clouds ° Air motions ° Humidity profile in relation to clouds ° Boundary layer

Geographic setting Habitat islands (linked by road) Gan island Addu Atoll

Installation sites suggested by survey team Spit Addu Atoll SPolKa AMF2

Atmospheric Observations from the R/V Roger Revelle

Atmospheric Observations from the Revelle TOGA C-band Doppler Radar NOAA HSRL Doppler Lidar NOAA W-band radar NCAR ISS Aerosol measurements Air-sea fluxes

Who is involved… Brewer/Wolfe/Fairall – W-band radar, high resolution lidar Rutledge – C-band scanning Doppler radar Johnson/Brown (NCAR) – Ship Integrated Sounding System, 915 MHz profiler and radiosonde Bates – Aerosol, CCN measurements

NASA-TOGA radar Used successfully in TOGA COARE and elsewhere 5 cm Doppler radar, single polarization State of the art signal processor upgrade done NASA/Wallops personnel and Bob Bowie from CHILL traveling to Darwin now for radar installation next week

Objectives for TOGA based research Document 3-D structure of precipitating clouds over the course of MJO initiation and link to moisture field Characterize convective and mesoscale structure, and degree of convective organization and link to environmental shear Estimate divergence profiles from VAD scans to diagnose heating profiles and the nature of these profiles as the MJO evolves Document the 2-D flow structure in organized convective systems and compare to conceptual models for momentum transport Produce high quality rain maps based on TOGA reflectivity data (S-polKa polarimetric data will help develop appropriate Z-R relationships)

Light wind and post MJO westerly phase Pre-MJO and at leading portion of MJO Rickenbach and Rutledge (1998) TOGA COARE observations of mesoscale organization and rainfall contributions

R/V Revelle Built: 1996 Length: 277’ Beam: 52'5” Draft (max): 17’ Crew: 22 Scientific berthing: 37 elle/

Revelle O2 deck Placement w/ PMEL Frames ESRL (W-Band) TOGA Radar ESRL (Lidar) Tip cal

Example of similar installation on the R/V Ronald Brown

Project Timeline 1-OCT 1- NOV 1-DEC 1-JAN 1-FEB 1-MAR 1-APR EOP AMF2, SMART-R, Darwin, Manus IOP S-PolKa, RV Revelle, RV Sagar-Kenya and RV Southern Surveyor (plus EOP observations) SOP RV Mirai (plus IOP observations)

Cruise 1, 29 August to 26 September, Darwin to Phuket Thailand Cruise 2, Sept 29 to 31 Oct. Port: TBD soon Cruise 3, Nov 5 to 10 December. Port: TBD soon Cruise 4, Dec 13 to 5 Jan. Port: TBD soon Cruise 5, 11 Jan to 16 Feb, ending at Capetwon where the radar will be removed. 12/9/2010CSU-CHILL Update21