Exotic Species

Recreation - Brown Trout

Ring-necked Pheasant

Chukar

Red Deer – New Zealand

Whimsy or Aesthetics – European Starling

House Sparrow

Exotic plants in New Zealand Native flora of 2065 species 24,774 documented introduced alien species About 2200 exotics have become established (naturalized)

Multiflora Rose

Tree of Heaven - Ailanthus Light blue – counties where Ailanthus is present

Scotch Broom

Walking Catfish

Cherry Headed Conures in San Francisco

Monk Parrots – Chicago, Harold Washington Park and Hyde Park

Science - Gypsy Moth

Africanized Honey Bees

Movement of Africanized Honey Bees

Inn-Siang Ooi – Knox Alum /01/14/the-wall-of-the-dead/ /01/14/the-wall-of-the-dead/

Biocontrol

Klamath Weed – aka – St. John’s Wort

Chrysolina beetle

Prickly Pear Hedge - Tunisia

Prickly pear in Australia – before control

Cactoblastis cactorum

Prickly pear – same location after control

Red Fox - Australia With native Bobuck possum

Red fox - Australia

Impact of Exotic Species

Predators and Grazers – Stephen Island, New Zealand

Stephen Island Wren

Brown Tree Snake

Many Brown Tree Snakes

Brown Tree Snake on Guam and Beyond

Decline in cichlid species due to Nile Perch in Lake Victoria

California Channel Islands

Sheep grazing – Channel Islands

Channel Island Coreopsis

Emerald Ash Borer

Parasites and Pathogens 16th Century Drawings of Native Americans with Smallpox

Chestnut blight canker and fungus

Spread of Chestnut Blight

Dutch Elm Disease – The Way to Knox

Elm Bark Beetle

Elm Bark Beetle Galleries

Parasites and Pathogens Avian Malaria and Hawaiian Native Birds like Scarlet Honeycreeper

Avian malaria occurs in areas below white line on Island of Hawaii

Avian Malaria and Abundance of Native Birds Gray line – mosquito abundance; solid black line – prevalence of avian malaria; dashed line – native bird adundance

Competitors – Purple Loosestrife

Purple Loosestrife

Purple Loosestrife Distribution

Control of Purple Loosestrife

Expansion of Water Hyacinth from Native Brazil

Water Hyacinth in India

Kudzu flower

Kudzu vines

Kudzu Car

Kudzu Distribution

European Starling and Eastern Bluebird

Starling and Bluebird Competition

Honeybee – Apis melliflora and native Bumble-bee - Bombus vosnesenskii

Honey Bee – Colony Collapse

Colony Collapse Disorder - Trends

Hybridization – Cordgrass – Spartina alterniflora

Spartina Hybridization A = Spartina alterniflora B = S. maritima C = S. x townsendii D = S. anglica

Invasive Spartina anglica in San Francisco Bay

Ecosystem Effects - Blue Gum

Oak savanna to Eucalyptus forest

Charles Elton

Where do we find successful exotics? From Elton 1.Disturbed habitats are especially susceptible to invasion by exotics 2.Islands are also vulnerable to invasions 3.So-called weedy species are especially successful – general habitat requirements, withstand human disturbance, large numbers of offspring, good dispersal abilities

Minimum Viable Population The smallest population for a species which can be expected to survive for a long time Many factors effect MVP – the study of those factors is often called Population Viability Analysis – or Population Vulnerability Analysis – or PVA

English Skylark

Metapopulations

Metapopulation A series of small, separate populations united together by dispersal Thus even if all members of one population go extinct, other populations survive and dispersal from survivor populations can recolonize the area – a rescue effect

Metapopulation Dynamics

Bay Checkerspot Butterfly

Population dynamics of Bay Checkerspot Butterfly

Bay Checkerspot Jasper Ridge

Species persistence in metapopulations Varies with factors effecting extinction and colonization such as: Distances between patches Species dispersal ability Number of patches

Types of Metapopulations

Possible mountain (desert bighorn) sheep dispersal routes Dispersal corridors predicted by the best-fitting dispersal model (15/0̣10) and the HM population model, depicted with hill-shade topography. Black lines indicate least-costly corridor routes for corridors with, yellow lines indicate least-costly corridor routes that (a) were severed by anthropogenic barriers; or (b) were re- established by translocated populations. Corridors are presented based on (a) all extant populations within the study area, with and without current anthropogenic barriers considered; and (b) extant populations with and without those successfully reestablished by translocation, with current anthropogenic barriers considered. Epps et al. 2007

Furbish’s Lousewort