CA Def & Meas1 CHILD ABUSE: DEFINITION AND RATES Soc 695 Family Violence In Research World Perspective Murray A. Straus  HOW MUCH CHILD ABUSE IS THERE?

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CA Def & Meas1 CHILD ABUSE: DEFINITION AND RATES Soc 695 Family Violence In Research World Perspective Murray A. Straus  HOW MUCH CHILD ABUSE IS THERE? DEPENDS ON SOURCE OF DATA  CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES * About a million cases per year (2000 rates) * A fraction of the real total * Percent of these million cases (not percent of all children) Neglect 63% Physical abuse 19% Sexual abuse 10 % The million cases known to CPS are a fraction of the real number The most frequent

CA Def & Meas2 PHYSICAL ABUSE DEFINITION AN ACT CARRIED OUT BY A CAREGIVER WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING CHILD TO EXPERIENCE SEVERE PHYSICAL PAIN OR PHYSICAL INJURY WHAT IF THERE IS NO PHYSICAL INJURY? WHAT THE LAW SAYS AND WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS " injured or high risk of injury"

CA Def & Meas3 TWO WAYS OF DRAWING THE LINE BETWEEN CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PHYSICAL ABUSE  CULTURAL NORMS DEFINE WHAT IS ABUSE  INJURY TO THE CHILD DEFINES WHAT IS ABUSE EXAMPLE OF HITTING WITH A BELT OR HAIR BRUSH New Hampshire Supreme Court Decision Sweden OTHER POINTS Hitting or attempting to hit another adult is a crime even `when it does not cause injury Regardless of physical injury, both physical abuse and corporal punishment cause psychological injury.

CA Def & Meas4 CHILD ABUSE DEATHS IN THE USA About 1,500 a year in recent years = About 4 children every day STUDIES OF DEATH RECORDS & AUTOPSY REPORTS: MANY CASES MISSED IN OFFICIAL RECORDS – ACTUAL RATE COULD BE MUCH HIGHER % of Child Deaths Due to Maltreatment but Not Coded as Such McClain et al. (1993) Missouri 85% Crume et al. (2002) Colorado 1990 through % Giddens et al. (1999) North Carolina 985 to %

CA Def & Meas5 USA: 1,500 PER YEAR; 4 PER DAY HOW DOES THE USA COMPARE WITH OTHER NATIONS?

CA Def & Meas6 OF NON-FATAL PHYSICAL ABUSE 0.1% 2.3 or 11% ILLUSTRATES THE DIFFERENCE THAT THE MEASURE CAN MAKE WHAT BEHAVIORS ARE INCLUDED 0.9% 23 TO 100 TIMES GREATER

CA Def & Meas7 CTSPC PARENT-CHILD CTS QUESTIONS ON PHYSICAL ABUSE

CA Def & Meas8 ARAB ADOLESCENTS FATHER MOTHER SIBLING

CA Def & Meas9

10 How often did your caregivers push, grab, shove, or slap you? Never46 Rarely25 Sometimes18 Often3 Most of the time3 Always2 How often did your caregivers threaten you with a weapon? Never84 Rarely7 Sometimes3 Often<1 Most of the time<1 Always<1 51%13% Koenig, A. L., Ialongo, N., Wagner, B. M., Poduska, J., & Kellam, S. (2002). Negative caregiver strategies and psychopathology in urban, African-American young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, ARE THESE EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL ABUSE? WHY OR WHY NOT?

CA Def & Meas11 How often did your caregivers hit you hard enough to cause bruising? Never74 Rarely13 Sometimes7 Often1 Most of the time<1 Always<1 How often did your caregivers hit you hard enough to cause bleeding? Never91 Rarely4 Sometimes1 Often<1 Most of the time<1 Always<1 24%8%

CA Def & Meas12 CHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271) AVEZEDO1

CA Def & Meas13 IN MOST CONFIRMED CASES OF CHILD ABUSE THE CHILD IS NOT INJURED ENOUGH TO NEED MEDICAL ATTENTION Garbarino -- 85% did not need medical attention Canadian Incidence Study (2005) -- 90%

CA Def & Meas14 WHAT CAUSES THE HUGE DIFFERFENCES IN RATES?  Severity of the attacks studied – slapping to stabbing  Whether the criterion is the attack or injury  How many types of attacks are listed - example, soap in mouth  Age of the children studied  Who provides the data: parent, child, human service professional, police  Differences in social setting – cultural and social structural factors that are related to child abuse  The context of the survey – “family problems” versus “crime”  Random sample versus sample of families with a problem

CA Def & Meas15 TYPICAL CASE OF PHYSICAL ABUSE VERSUS MEDIA CASE PHYSICAL ABUSE OF CHILD TYPICALMEDIA CASE VIOLENTCorporalCruel & ACTSPunishment often bizarre Escalates..Attacks INJURYChild Child needs bruisedmedical care or dies COVERAGEIgnored byFront page Media unless a celebrity

CA Def & Meas16 END FOR SOC 695

CA Def & Meas17 SOME CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING HOW IMPORTANT A SOCIAL PROBLEM IS  PREVALENCE RATE  DEGREE OF HARM CAUSED Percentage harmed (“effect size”) Severity of harm  CULTURAL NORMS  EACH OF THE ABOVE INFLUENCES THE OTHER  THE MOST HARMFUL PROBLEM FOR INDIVIDUALS MAY NOT BE THE BIGGEST PROBLEM FOR SOCIETY Example spanking versus physical abuse as risk factors for depression

CA Def & Meas18 THREE KEY THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT ANY ASPECT OF FAMILY VIOLENCE PREVALENCE CAUSES EFFECTS

CA Def & Meas19 CTSPC

CA Def & Meas20

CA Def & Meas21 Rates for “Any Physical Maltreatment” are similar to those found in 4 Eastern European Countries by Sebre et al

CA Def & Meas22 ARAB ADOLESCENTS

CA Def & Meas23 AUSTRALIAN BIRTH COHORT STUDY ALL CHILDREN BORN IN QUEENSLAND IN 1983: 41,700, RATES FOR CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 10% WERE ABUSED BY AGE 17 Rate Neglect4.1% Physical abuse3.8% Emotional abuse2.4% Sexual Abuse2.3% US RATES FOR CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES ARE MUCH LOWER, BUT THEY ARE FOR ONE-YEAR US DISTRIBUTION OF CASES IS SIMILAR: Neglecthalf of all cases Physical abuse Emotional abuse Sexual Abuse US RATES FOR SELF-REPORTED ABUSE???

CA Def & Meas24 Rank Hit by Parents when Under the Age of 12 (vs01) Site % USA-LOUISIAN 68.6 MEX-JUAREZ 66.0 CAN-WINNIPEG 64.4 USA-MISSISSP 64.0 USA-CINCINN 63.4 HONGKONG 62.7 USA-TX-N MEX 62.5 KOR-PUSAN 58.8 CAN-HAMILTON 58.4 USA-UTAH 58.4 CAN-LONDON 57.2 NZL-CHRISTCH 55.2 USA-TX-MEX 54.4 CHE-FRENCH 51.9 USA-NH USA-NH CHE-GERMAN 35.2 CAN-MONTREAL 27.3 PRT-BRAGA 23.5 ISR-EMEKZYRL 22.8 BRA-SAOPAULO 19.6 NDL-AMSTRDAM 19.5 Hit by Parents When a Teenager (vs02) Site % HONGKONG 56.4 KOR-PUSAN 52.2 PRT-BRAGA 45.5 BRA-SAOPALO 40.0 USA-MISSISSP 37.8 USA-LOUISIAN 37.4 USA-TX-MEX 34.5 MEX-JUAREZ 30.1 CAN-HAMILTON 26.5 CAN-LONDON 26.4 USA-CINCINN 26.2 CAN-WINNIPEG 24.1 USA-TX-N MEX 23.4 CHE-FRENCH 20.4 CAN-MONTREAL 19.2 ISR-EMEKZYRL 19.2 NZL-CHRISTCH 17.2 USA-NH USA-UTAH 16.8 CHE-GERMAN 16.8 USA-NH NDL-AMSTRDAM 12.6 Hit by Non-Family Adults & Children as a Child (vs10) Site % HONGKONG 72.3 KOR-PUSAN 62.8 CHE-FRENCH 57.0 NDL-AMSTRDAM 46.6 MEX-JUAREZ 45.7 CAN-LONDON 42.1 PRT-BRAGA 39.5 NZL-CHRISTCH 38.1 USA-UTAH 37.2 USA-CINCINN 36.2 CAN-WINNIPEG 36.1 CAN-HAMILTON 35.8 USA-TX-MEX 35.4 USA-LOUISIAN 35.2 USA-NH USA-TX-N MEX 32.2 USA-MISSISSP 30.6 BRA-SAOPAULO 30.4 USA-NH CAN-MONTREAL 28.0 ISR-EMEKZYRL 27.1 CHE-GERMAN 21.5 TABLE 1: CHILDHOOD PHYSICAL VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION