Including Issues When the Right of Return Exists Revenue Recognition: Including Issues When the Right of Return Exists Zach Hedrick Jennifer Intihar Morgan Voss Geoff Smith

Revenue Recognition “Recognition is the process of formally recording or incorporating an item into accounts and financial statements of an entity.” “Recognition includes depiction of an item in both words and numbers, with the amount included in the total of the financial statements.” “For an asset or liability, recognition involves recording not only acquisition or incurrence of the item but also later changes in it, including removal from the financial statements previously recognized.”

Revenue Recognition Principle Companies should recognize revenue: When it is realized or realizable When it is earned Revenues are realized when a company exchanges goods and services for cash or claims to cash Revenues are realizable when an asset a company receives in exchange are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash Revenues are earned when a company has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues—that is, when then earnings process is complete

Revenue Transaction Companies recognize revenue from selling products at the date of sale. Companies recognize revenue from services provided, when services have been performed and are billable Companies recognize revenue from permitting others to use enterprise assets Companies recognize revenue from disposing of assets other than products at the date of sale

Revenue Transaction Chart Sale of Product from Inventory Revenue From Sales Date of Sale (date of delivery) Rendering a Service Revenue From Fees or Services Services Performed and Billable Permitting use of an asset Revenue From Interest, Rents, and Royalties As Time Passes or Assets are Used Sale of Asset Other Than Inventory Gain or Loss on Disposition Date of Sale or Trade-In Type of Transaction Description of Revenue Timing of Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition at the Point of Sale (Delivery) Companies commonly recognize revenues from manufacturing and selling activities at the point of sale (delivery). 3 Implementation problems can arise: Sales with Buyback Agreements Sales When Right of Return Exists Trade Loading and Channel Stuffing

Sales with Buyback Agreements If a company sells a product in one period, and agrees to buy it back in the next accounting period, has the company sold the product? Answer: No. When a repurchase agreement exists at a set price and this price covers all cost of the inventory plus related holding costs, the inventory and related liability remain on the seller’s books. FAS 49 paragraph 12-15

Sales When Right of Return Exists There are 3 alternative revenue recognition methods for when the right of return exposes the seller to continue risks of ownership Not recording a sale until all return privileges have expired Recording the sale, but reducing sales by an estimate of further returns Recording the sale and accounting for the returns as they occur.

Sales When Right of Return Exists FAS 48 Paragraph 6 states that sales transactions shall be recognized at the time of sale only if all the following conditions are met: The seller’s price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale The buyer has paid the seller, or the buyer is obligated to pay the seller and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product The buyer’s obligation to the seller would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product.

Sales When Right of Return Exists The buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the seller 5. The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer. 6. The amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated

Trade Loading and Channel Stuffing A way to distort operating results and “window dress” financial statements If used without an appropriate allowance for sales returns, it is a perfect example of booking tomorrow’s revenue today Unethical ways of distorting shareholders view of the company

Revenue Recognition Before Delivery Examples: Long-term construction contracts Development of military and commercial aircrafts Weapons delivery systems Space exploration software

Methods of Accounting for Long-Term Construction Contracts Percentage-of-Completion Method- recognize revenues and gross profits each period based upon the progress of the construction—Percentage of Completion Completed-Contact Method- recognize revenue and gross profits only when the contract is complete

Percentage-of-Completion Method Companies must use the percentage-of-completion method when estimates of progress toward completion, revenues, and costs are reasonably dependable and all of the following conditions exist: The contract clearly specifies the enforceable rights regarding goods or services to be provided and received by the parties, the consideration to be exchanged, and the manner and terms of settlement The buyer can be expected to satisfy all obligations under the contract The contractor can be expected to perform the contractual obligations

Percentage-of-Completion Example: When a project consists of separable units, such as a group of buildings or miles of roadway, contract provisions may provide for delivery in installments. In that case, the seller would bill the buyer and transfer title at stated stages of completion, such as the completion of each building unit or every 10 miles of roadway.

Completed-Contract Method Companies should use the completed-contract method when one of the following conditions applies: When a company has primarily short term contracts, or When a company cannot meet the conditions for using the percentage-of-completion method, or When there are inherent hazards in the contract beyond normal, recurring business risks

Complete-Contract Method Tends to make people feel more comfortable because it is a reflection of final results rather than estimates of unperformed work as in the percentage-of-completion method *The opinion is that percentage-of-completion method is better to use, and should be used over the completed-contract method if possible

Revenue Recognition After Delivery Two methods to defer revenue recognition until the company receives cash: Installment-Sales Method- recognizes income in the periods of collection rather than in the period of sale Cost-Recover Method- recognizes no profit until cash payments by the buyer exceed the cost of merchandise sold. If cash is received prior to delivery, the method used is the deposit method

Installment-Sales-Method This method is used generally when there is no reasonable way of estimating collections, and therefore should not be recognized until collected Example: Different types of farm and home equipment as well as home furnishings are sold on an installment basis

Cost-Recovery-Method FAS 45 (Franchises) and FAS 66 (real estate) require use of this method where a high degree of uncertainty exists related to the collect of receivables

Deposit Method Defers sale recognition until a sale has occurred for accounting purposes