Virus & Virus-like? Graft transmissible; Some vectored (insect, mite, fungus); Some mechanical True viruses Viroids Procaryotes Unknown.

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Presentation transcript:

Virus & Virus-like? Graft transmissible; Some vectored (insect, mite, fungus); Some mechanical True viruses Viroids Procaryotes Unknown

Major Citrus Virus & Virus-like Agents/Vectors Tristeza Quick decline; stem pitting - Citrus tristeza virus /Aphids Huanglongbing (Greening) - Liberibacter spp./ Psylla Psorosis/Scaly bark- Citrus psorosis virus/ Fungus? Stubborn - Spiroplasma citri / Leafhoppers Leprosis -Citrus leprosis virus / Mites Variegated chlorosis- Xylella fastidiosa / Sharpshooters Witches’ broom of lime - Phytoplasma / Leafhopper Blight – cause / vector unknown Exocortis - Citrus exocortis viroid / Mechanical Cachexia - Hop stunt viroid / Mechanical Tatterleaf – Citrus tatterleaf virus / Mechanical

Other Virus & Virus-like Diseases Concave gum, Cristacortis, Impietratura Infectious variegation, Leaf rugose Vein enation/Woody gall (Aphids) Satsuma dwarf, Citrus mosaic (soil vector?) Citrus yellow mosaic (Mealy bugs) Dweet mottle (= Citrus leaf blotch?) Rubbery wood Multiple sprouting Measles Chlorotic dwarf (Whitefly) Indian ringspots + other ringspot diseases Concentric ring blotch/Zonate chlorosis (mites) Gum pocket, gummy bark, Kassala Corky vein Yellow vein clearing/ Yellow mottle Australian decline (leafhopper?) Sudden death – NEW – SERIOUS (aphids?) Etc.

History of Major Diseases 1880’s - yellow shoot disease (HLB, greening) - China 1890’s - blight - Florida 1890’s - sour orange rootstock problems - South Africa psorosis described – Florida 1930s – tristeza disease in S.America psorosis graft transmitted - Florida HLB graft transmitted - China 1946/48 - aphid & graft transmission of tristeza - Brazil psylla transmission of HLB - South Africa graft transmission of blight - Florida

Brown citrus aphid

Acknowledgement ;Tim Gottwald

Tristeza destruction of trees on sour orange rootstock South America – approx. 40 million killed since 1930 (BCA) Spain – 45 million since 1960 (No BCA) Florida – 3 million in Total worldwide – over 100 million Italy – 98% on sour – decline widespread (No BCA) 200 million to go? (TX, Mex., Med.)

Exocortis

Cachexia

Psorosis

Psylla

Tatterleaf

Blight

Witches’ broom disease of lime

Citrus variegated chlorosis

Control Prevention : - Used certified disease-free bud/graftwood - Quarantine - Prevent mechanical spread- chlorox disinfection - Mild strain protection (eg CTV) Vector control ? Difficult to get 100% (eg. Biocontrol of psylla in Reunion)