1. Finish debating universality of democracy. 2. Introduce distinction between structural and strategic factors. 3. Become familiar with evidence on relationship between democracy and economic factors.

 PRO: Need different rights that apply to different citizen groups depending on religion or ethnicity of citizens involved.  CON: ◦ Liberal democracy typically includes minority rights to protect various communities. (e.g. Canada) ◦ India exactly this kind of society, but sustains democracy.

 PRO: Authoritarian governments can provide economic goods (including food) more efficiently than democratic governments.  CON: ◦ Poor people benefit from ability to voice complaints and protest (Sen). ◦ Very little evidence that poor people reject democracy once instituted (Sen). ◦ Scant evidence that authoritarian regimes provide economic goods better than democracies.

1. Necessary preconditions or prerequisites. 2. Sufficient preconditions. 3. Facilitating or discouraging factors (weaker role).

= broad underlying conditions in an environment

= choices of people, interacting with one another, to produce outcomes

Economic factors 1. Wealth or income per capita

Income Level (income USD per capita) Countries with significant democratic experience Nondemocratic Countries “High” ($ ,330) 20 4 (Singapore, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait) “Middle” ($520-$5810) 2330 “Low” ($130-$450) 2 (India, Sri Lanka) 40

Wealth  Democracy? OR Democracy  Wealth? seems more likely

 Broad-based industrial development may  democratization because: 1.Leads to complex economy that becomes harder for authoritarian regimes to control. 2.Brings about shifts in class dynamics & changes in social values.

Higher economic development More highly educated public Larger middle class Civic culture attitudes – trust, satisfaction, competence Support for democratization (From Huntington, p. 69)

Higher economic development More highly educated public Larger middle class More political efficacy, sense of worth, unwilling to be servile Support for democratization

 Broad-based industrial development may  democratization because: 1.Leads to complex economy that becomes harder for authoritarian regimes to control. 2.Brings about shifts in class dynamics & changes in social values. 3.Opens societies to external influences.

Economic factors 2. Class structure

 A certain balance of relations among classes is necessary. ◦ Esp. middle class/ bourgeoisie (Aristotle, Moore).  Argued middle class “moderate” for various reasons – sheer numbers or position “in middle”.  Bourgeoisie crucial due to autonomous income. ◦ Powerful landowning class can hinder.