Nanotechnology & Medicine Dr. Mohammed Al Omar Ph D College of Pharmcy King Saud University

Nanoscience The prefix “nano”is a Greek word for “dwarf” One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter About a width of 6 carbon atoms or 10 water molecules A human hair is approximately 80,000 nm wide Red blood cells is 7000 nm wide Atoms are smaller than 1 nanometer Molecules and some proteins are between 1 nm and above

Nanoscience The concept of nanotechnology was first coined by Richard Feynman in 1959 in his lecture “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” Manipulating material at a scale of individual atoms and molecules Imagining the whole Encyclopedia Britannica written on head of a pin

Nanoscience At IBM in the US, a technique called electron beam lithography was used to create nanostructures and devices as small as 40 to 70 nm in the early 1970s

Nanotechnology in Medicine Nanotechnology is a new field with many possible uses, medicine being one of them

Nanotechnology “The manufacturing technology of the 21st century" The study and manufacture of devices of molecular dimensions, in the range of nanometers or one-billionth of a meter Most of industrial manufacturing processes are based on top-down technologies -- i.e., they take larger objects and make them smaller yielding products of fairly high precision and complexity

Nanotechnology Most products of living organisms are constructed by tiny molecular machines, such as cells and organelles, working from the bottom up.  By organizing individual atoms and molecules into particular configurations, these molecular machines are able to create works of astonishing complexity and size, such as the human being

75 TRILLION CELLS BODY SYSTEMS CELL Plasma membrane Organelles Nucleus Cytosol 75 TRILLION CELLS

Nanotechnology Nature (Allah) shows that molecules can serve as machines because living things work by means of such machinery Enzymes are molecular machines that make, break, and rearrange the bonds holding other molecules together  Muscles are driven by molecular machines that haul fibers past one another 

Nanotechnology DNA serves as a data-storage system, transmitting digital instructions to molecular machines e.g., the ribosomes, that manufacture protein molecules.

Illustrated Figure GOLGI COMPLEX Electron Micrograph

THREE DIMENSIONAL ILLUSTRATION OF CELL STRUCTURES VISIBLE UNDER AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ERYTHROCYTES (RBCS)

AN OLD RBC BEING ENGULFED BY A WBC An old red blood cell White blood cell PHAGOCYTOSIS AN OLD RBC BEING ENGULFED BY A WBC

Nanotechnology Using special bacterium-sized "assembler" devices, nanotechnology would permit on a programmable basis exact control of molecular structures that are not readily manipulated by natural molecular machines and molecular techniques presently available. With nanotechnology, atoms will be specifically placed and connected, all at very rapid rates, in a fashion similar to processes found in living organisms

HEAT METAL IONS

A future application of Cornell's molecular motor research: With the integration of biomolecular motor devices and cell-signalling systems -- by engineering a secondary binding site tailored to a cell's signalling cascade -- researchers plan to use the cell's sensory system to control nanodevices implanted in living cells. Nanoscale Biological Engineering and Transport Group/Cornell University.

Nanomedicine Some medicines are made through biotechnological processes, for example those using recombinant DNA (human hepatitis vaccine) Under these processes the DNA of living creatures (usually bacteria) is altered Nanotechnology represents a similar approach to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other goods.

Nanorobots: Medicine of the Future What are they? Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3 microns and will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers

Nanorobots The powering of the nanorobots can be done by metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy Other sources of energy within the body can also be used to supply the necessary energy for the devices They will have simple onboard computers capable of performing around 1000 or fewer computations per second.

Nanorobots A navigational network may be installed in the body, which may provide high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots This will enable the physician to keep track of the various devices in the body

Nanorobots These nanorobots will be able to distinguish between different cell types by checking their surface antigens When the task of the nanorobots is accomplished, they can be retrieved by allowing them to exfuse themselves via the usual human excretory channels

Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine Diagnostic - Imaging - Quantum dots - Microscopic sampling Detection of airway abnormalities Therapeutic Delivering medication to the exact location Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells Repair of damaged tissues Oxygen transport Skin and dental care Augmentation of immune system Treatment of Atherosclerosis The clottocyte concept Brain enhancement

Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Improved imaging of the human (or any) body Nanoprobes (miniature machines) can attach themselves to particles in the body (e.g., antibodies) and emit a magnetic field. Probes that aren’t attached to anything don’t create a detectable magnetic Nano-tracking may be able to detect tumors that are a few cells in size. (Alivisatos, 2001)

Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Another way to use nanotech as tracking devices is to use “quantum dots” These tiny semiconductors are able to emit wavelengths of light (colors) that depend on their size. If quantum dot A is twice as big as quantum dot B, it will emit a different color. Quantum dots are better than conventional dyes: They last much longer More colors can be made available.

“A microscopic machine roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for identification and determining the concentrations of different compounds"

A single inhaled nanorobot reaches, deeply inspired into the lungs, enters an alveolar duct and attaches to the tissue surface.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Nanotech is capable of delivering medication to the exact location where they are needed – hence lesser side effects Organic dendrimers - a type of artificial molecule roughly the size of a protein- would be ideal for the job of delivering medicine Hollow polymer capsules - gold-coated glass beads that are near infrared light sensitive

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Destruction of harmful eukaryotic organisms / cancer cells by interrupting their division process Certain proteins are capable of doing this (e.g., Bc12 family of proteins)

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Nanoprobe can be made to generate radiation, that could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged actinium-225 atom would detect (using antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell Location and destruction of cancer cells by acoustic signals

Normal cells Cancer cells COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND CANCEROUS CELLS IN RESPIRATORY AIRWAY OF THE LUNG

A CYTOTOXIC T CELL DESTROYING A CANCER CELL Lethal holes A CYTOTOXIC T CELL DESTROYING A CANCER CELL Cytotoxic T cell

Mechanical drilling of a small tumor mass by a nanorobot

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Nanotechnology also theoretically allows the mimicking of natural biological processes e.g., repair of damaged tissues Using nanotech to build scaffoldings of artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere to and grow bones on Broken bones would heal much faster. Transport of oxygen within the body by creating an artificial red blood cell

A simulated view of a blood sample that might be taken from some future trauma patient who has received approximately seven therapeutic respirocyte doses at an accident scene. Each single respirocyte in the scene can control nearly the same amount of available oxygen as all eight red cells present in the scene, combined.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used it may: - Remove the right amount of dead skin - Remove excess oils - Add missing oils - Apply the right amounts of natural moisturising compounds - Achieve the elusive goal of 'deep pore cleaning' by actually reaching down into pores and cleaning them out.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria while allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem

Dental Robots Four remote-controlled nanorobots examine and clean the subocclusal surfaces of a patient's teeth, near the gumline.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses.

Virus Finder

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble away at atherosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels. This would prevent most heart attacks

A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC DEPOSIT IN A BLOOD VESSEL

DNA Repair

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine Emergency Management: The clottocyte concept Clot-inducing medical nanorobots with fully-deployed netting capable of embedding growing clot with red cells and fibrin strands

CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN IN VARIOUS STAGES OF CLOT-NETTING DEPLOYMENT.

AN ARRAY OF NINE CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN WITH THEIR CLOT-NETTING FULLY DEPLOYED AND INTERLACED.

MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY DEPLOYED NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED.

CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY-DEPLOYED NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED (A CLOSER LOOK)

A REAL LIFE PICTUER OF ERYTHROCYTES TRAPPED IN THE FIBRIN MESHWORK OF A CLOT

“Stinger" nanorobot grabs a sick T lymphocyte and injects a glucocorticoid designed to induce cellular apoptosis.

The blue, octopus-like nanobot is one of billions of brain cell enhancers. The central sphere houses a computer, with a storehouse of information equal to many large libraries

NANOTECHNOLOGY GOALS Construction of a nano-assembler A machine capable of building nanoprobes on a grand scale The next step would be self-replication of nanoprobes- mitosis Rough estimates say that this will be reached in about 10-20 years

NANOTECHNOLOGY PREDICTIONS Predicting the future of nanotechnology is much like trying to predict the remainder of a motion picture from a single frame Although the future of medicine lies unclear, it is certain that nanotechnology will have a significant impact

Thank you