University of Rochester July 28, Much ado about nothing: the Rochester Scholar guide to the universe The intimate relationship between the very big and the very small

Inquiring minds want to know... Yo! What holds it together?

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)

CDFMinos

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC

What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved? How do they interact?

Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.

Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem

Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem

Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg

Dear Steve, Party relatively hard! -Al The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles  E  t  h Heisenberg E = mc 2 Einstein e-e-

e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq qq qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- qq qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something -R. Kolb

qq qq qqq The essence of mass at the quantum level (quantum field theory)

On to the very big … 1 Mpc= 1 Megaparsec = 3x10 22 m 1 light year = 9x10 15 m Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years Telescopes are time machines

Edwin Hubble ( ) discovers a surprise in 1929 Galaxies that are further away appear redder Doppler shift -From webphysics.davidson.edu

Type Ia SNe from Riess, Press and Kirshner (1996) Welcome to the “expanding universe”!! extrapolate back in time find the age of the universe  13 billion years. Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years

-MSSL astrophysics group

Cosmic Microwave Background Penzias and Wilson Uniform and isotropic – in as far as they could measure

BANG! TIME

Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles

At second after bang, protons and neutrons form

At 3 minutes, light nuclei form

At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely

t=~13 billion years, Janet Jackson has wardrobe malfunction

Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?

How can the universe be so isotropic? How did the structure (galaxies, clusters of galaxies) arise?? Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist? Why 3 families? Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is? Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter? Many, many missing pieces … Recent progress! But new puzzles… -R. Kolb

We seem to be missing most of the mass in the universe! -P. Cushman

Very exciting development in last decade Observed fluctuations in the CMB temp WMap data on the temperature fluctuations in the CMB why structure matters

Einstein’s field equations: the modern laws of Genesis -R. Kolb

time 12 billion years17 billion years100 billion years1000 billion years Million- billion years Today Sun burns out Hell freezes over Cubs win World Series End of universe One possible future of the universe -R. Kolb

“Power spectrum” (size) of temperature fluctuations sensitive to different matter/energy components of the universe

 M +     B +  DM +   WMAP composition of the universe -P. Cushman

1/20 Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Thanks to: Priscilla Cushman, CDMS, G-2, Univ. of Minnesota Rocky Kolb, Fermilab and University of Chicago Stanford Linear Accelerator Center CERN, European Center for Particle Physics Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory Davidson University webphysics project WMAP project Hubble Space Telescope project Ned Wright, UCLA MSSL astrophysics group Newton, Einstein, Heisenberg, Plank, etc. And whoever else I forgot to mention …