DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CPSC 203 Calculating Machines

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Wilhelm Schickard ( ) Invented the first calculating machine Invented the first calculating machine Used Napier’s Bones and gears to perform multiplication through successive additions Used Napier’s Bones and gears to perform multiplication through successive additions First machine was destroyed in a fire First machine was destroyed in a fire Letters to Johannes Kepler and a ‘bookmark’ found in a Leningrad library provided enough information to reconstruct the machine Letters to Johannes Kepler and a ‘bookmark’ found in a Leningrad library provided enough information to reconstruct the machine

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Schickard’s drawing of his machine, sent to Kepler The reconstruction of Schikard’s machine

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) Once thought to have built the first calculating machine Once thought to have built the first calculating machine His machine was vastly different from Schickard’s and it is unlikely he had ever seen or even heard of Schickard’s work His machine was vastly different from Schickard’s and it is unlikely he had ever seen or even heard of Schickard’s work The early belief his machine was the first of it’s kind led to one of the first computer programming languages to be named after him The early belief his machine was the first of it’s kind led to one of the first computer programming languages to be named after him

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Top view of one of Pascal’s adding machines Internals of Pascal’s adding machine

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Charles Babbage (1791 – 1871) Held the title of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, once held by Newton and later held by Stephen Hawking Held the title of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, once held by Newton and later held by Stephen Hawking Designed the Cow Catcher Designed the Cow Catcher Standardized the broad track rather than narrow gauge Standardized the broad track rather than narrow gauge Studied the interior of Mt. Vesuvius – while it was active Studied the interior of Mt. Vesuvius – while it was active

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Became cantankerous in his old age and campaigned for the abolishment of street musicians Became cantankerous in his old age and campaigned for the abolishment of street musicians Ran in his riding with this forming his platform Ran in his riding with this forming his platform This resulted in; “I have very frequently been disturbed … after eleven and even after twelve o’clock … a brass band played … for five hours.” This resulted in; “I have very frequently been disturbed … after eleven and even after twelve o’clock … a brass band played … for five hours.”

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Though not appreciated by the lower class, his scientific reputation was known on both sides of the Atlantic Though not appreciated by the lower class, his scientific reputation was known on both sides of the Atlantic Frustrated with erroneous mathematical tables set out to publish the first error free set of tables Frustrated with erroneous mathematical tables set out to publish the first error free set of tables Rather than recalculating he used previous publications and compared them. They were then proofread 3 times. Rather than recalculating he used previous publications and compared them. They were then proofread 3 times.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Not happy with simply publishing these, he also experimented with improving readability Not happy with simply publishing these, he also experimented with improving readability Tested 13 inks on 151 colours of paper to determine the best combination for reading – including black on black, yellow on yellow, and so on Tested 13 inks on 151 colours of paper to determine the best combination for reading – including black on black, yellow on yellow, and so on This resulted in some later editions of the tables being printed on yellow paper with black ink This resulted in some later editions of the tables being printed on yellow paper with black ink

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 By 1822 Babbage had a working model of the Difference Engine By 1822 Babbage had a working model of the Difference Engine Differences are a method by which complex multiplications can be reduced to simpler additions Differences are a method by which complex multiplications can be reduced to simpler additions A Difference Engine can produce successive values of a function by using the differences of the function A Difference Engine can produce successive values of a function by using the differences of the function

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Babbage asked the British government for financial aid to develop the Difference Engine and was rewarded Babbage asked the British government for financial aid to develop the Difference Engine and was rewarded He discovered the tools and machinery needed though weren’t available and had to begin designing not only the full engine, but the fine tools and machinery to make it work He discovered the tools and machinery needed though weren’t available and had to begin designing not only the full engine, but the fine tools and machinery to make it work

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC years after beginning the project Babbage had nearly nothing to show for it, his mechanic having left him with nothing but the drawings 4 years after beginning the project Babbage had nearly nothing to show for it, his mechanic having left him with nothing but the drawings After this separation Babbage conceived the Analytical Engine After this separation Babbage conceived the Analytical Engine A much more complex mathematical engine would allow automated calculation of more difficult problems A much more complex mathematical engine would allow automated calculation of more difficult problems

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 After nine years asking for support to build the Analytical Engine the Prime Minister told him the government would no longer provide backing After nine years asking for support to build the Analytical Engine the Prime Minister told him the government would no longer provide backing He eventually drew up complete plans for the Difference Engine 2, the most complex drawings produced up to that time He eventually drew up complete plans for the Difference Engine 2, the most complex drawings produced up to that time

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 When he presented the plans one minister joked that Babbage’s machine could be put to calculating how much money it had already cost the government When he presented the plans one minister joked that Babbage’s machine could be put to calculating how much money it had already cost the government In 1991 in an homage paid to Babbage’s work in London a working version of the D.E. 2 was commissioned In 1991 in an homage paid to Babbage’s work in London a working version of the D.E. 2 was commissioned

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Ada Augusta Countess of Lovelace (1815 – 1852) While the Difference Engine was important it is the Analytical Engine that truly represents a step forward in computing machinery While the Difference Engine was important it is the Analytical Engine that truly represents a step forward in computing machinery Ada Augusta was a promoter of Babbage’s work and interpreted his work to make it more understandable to the lay person Ada Augusta was a promoter of Babbage’s work and interpreted his work to make it more understandable to the lay person

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 The Analytical Engine borrowed from the Jacquard loom in that it could programmed using punch cards The Analytical Engine borrowed from the Jacquard loom in that it could programmed using punch cards It could perform loops in the program by moving backwards N steps It could perform loops in the program by moving backwards N steps Contained registers to store intermediary values Contained registers to store intermediary values

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Konrad Zuse (1910 – 1995) Developed mechanical memory based on binary rather than the decimal memory popular in the day Developed mechanical memory based on binary rather than the decimal memory popular in the day Used old movie film and projector parts to create a “paper tape input” Used old movie film and projector parts to create a “paper tape input” Built Z1, Z2, and Z3 – the first true fully automatic calculator Built Z1, Z2, and Z3 – the first true fully automatic calculator

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Bell Labs (Lucent) The design of telephone equipment requires the use of imaginary numbers The design of telephone equipment requires the use of imaginary numbers In the late 30s desktop mechanical calculators couldn’t handle this so Bell was looking for anything to aid in the design of equipment In the late 30s desktop mechanical calculators couldn’t handle this so Bell was looking for anything to aid in the design of equipment George Stibitz, a mathematician, took home some relays from a scrap pile to play around with George Stibitz, a mathematician, took home some relays from a scrap pile to play around with

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Stibitz had observed the similarity between relays and binary Stibitz had observed the similarity between relays and binary He built a simple circuit using the relays, scrap tin, batteries and flashlight bulbs which could add two binary numbers He built a simple circuit using the relays, scrap tin, batteries and flashlight bulbs which could add two binary numbers

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 He brought his toy to work to show his colleagues and his supervisor asked if it could be designed to handle complex numbers He brought his toy to work to show his colleagues and his supervisor asked if it could be designed to handle complex numbers Stibitz had already put some thought into the different circuits he could build and quickly drew a basic concept Stibitz had already put some thought into the different circuits he could build and quickly drew a basic concept This became the Complex Number Calculator This became the Complex Number Calculator

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 The CNC stayed in use for 10 years 40 – 49 The CNC stayed in use for 10 years 40 – 49 First machine with multiple terminals First machine with multiple terminals First machine to be used remotely Sept. 11, 1940 First machine to be used remotely Sept. 11, 1940 Model V Model V 9000 relays 9000 relays 10 tons 10 tons 1000 sq feet 1000 sq feet

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Stored numbers as floating point Stored numbers as floating point Used CADET for arithmetic Used CADET for arithmetic “Can’t Add Doesn’t Even Try”

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 Howard Aiken Designed and built the Mark series if computers at Harvard Designed and built the Mark series if computers at Harvard His designs didn’t center on any one technology, rather whatever was available His designs didn’t center on any one technology, rather whatever was available His machines therefore span the gap from mechanical to electronic His machines therefore span the gap from mechanical to electronic

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203 ABC (Atanasoff/Berry) – first North American computer to take advantage of electronic calculation ABC (Atanasoff/Berry) – first North American computer to take advantage of electronic calculation Mauchly/Eckert – Built ENIAC for the Army, then went into business and built UNIVAC Mauchly/Eckert – Built ENIAC for the Army, then went into business and built UNIVAC UNIVAC easily predicted the winner of the 1952 presidential election, but wasn’t announced due to fear the computer was wrong UNIVAC easily predicted the winner of the 1952 presidential election, but wasn’t announced due to fear the computer was wrong