Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University-Gaza MB M ICRO B IOLOGY Dr. Abdelraouf A. Elmanama Ph. D Microbiology 2008 Chapter 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

2008 The Fungi Eukaryotic Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Chemoheterotrophic Most are decomposers Mycology is the study of fungi

2008 Mycology: The Study of Fungi Table 12.2

2008 Fungi Table 12.1

2008 The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium. Molds Figure 12.2

2008 Unicellular fungi Fission yeasts divide symmetrically Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically Yeasts Figure 12.3

2008 Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C Dimorphism Figure 12.4

2008 Fungal Life Cycle Figure 12.7

2008 Systemic mycosesDeep within body Subcutaneous mycosesBeneath the skin Cutaneous mycosesAffect hair, skin, nails Superficial mycosesLocalized, e.g., hair shafts Opportunistic mycosesCaused by normal microbiota or fungi that are normally Fungal Diseases (mycoses)

2008 Sporangiosphore Conidiospore Arthrospore Blastoconidium Chlamydospore Asexual spores Figure 12.1

2008 Conidiospores Figure 12.5

2008 PlasmogamyHaploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–) Karyogamy+ and – nuclei fuse MeiosisDiploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores) Sexual reproduction

2008 ZygosporeFusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore Sexual spores Figure 12.6

2008 AscosporeFormed in a sac (ascus) Sexual spores Figure 12.7

2008 BasidiosporeFormed externally on a pedestal (basidium) Sexual spores Figure 12.8

2008 Conjugation fungi. Coenocytic. Produce sporangiospores and zygospores. Rhizopus, Mucor (Opportunistic, systemic mycoses) Zygomycota

2008 Zygomycete Life Cycle Figure 12.6

2008 Sac fungi. Septate. Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores. Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis) Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses) Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses) Ascomycota

2008 Ascomycete Life Cycle Figure 12.7

2008 Club fungi. Septate. Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores. Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis) Basidiomycota

2008 Basidiomycete Life Cycle Figure 12.8

2008 Anamorphs Teleomorphic fungi: Produce sexual and asexual spores. Anamorphic fungi: Produce asexual spores only. rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota, a few are Basidiomycota Penicillium Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis) Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses) Candida albicans (Cutaneous mycoses)

2008 Economic Effects of Fungi FungiPositive EffectsNegative Effects SaccharomycesBread, wine, beerFood spoilage TrichodermaCellulose used for juices and fabric Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight) TaxomycesTaxol productionCeratocystis ulm (Dutch elm disease) EntomorphagaGypsy moth control

2008 Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) & fungus Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates, fungus provides holdfast Lichens

2008 Lichens Figure 12.10

2008 The Algae Eukaryotic Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular (thallic) Most are photoautotrophs

2008 Algae Table 12.1

2008 Figure 12.11a

2008 Figure 12.12b

2008 Brown algae (kelp) Cellulose + alginic acid cell walls Multicellular Chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls Store carbohydrates Harvested for algin Phaeophyta Figure 12.11b

2008 Red algae Cellulose cell walls Most multicellular Chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins Store glucose polymer Harvested for agar and carrageenan Rhodophyta Figure 12.11c

2008 Green algae Cellulose cell walls Unicellular or multicellular Chlorophyll a and b Store glucose polymer Gave rise to plants Chlorophyta Figure 12.12a

2008 Diatoms Pectin and silica cell walls Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls Store oil Fossilized diatoms formed oil Produce domoic acid Bacillariophyta Figure 12.13

2008 Dinoflagellates Cellulose in plasma membrane Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins Store starch Some are symbionts in marine animals Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning Dinoflagellata Figure 12.14

2008 Water molds Cellulose cell walls Multicellular Chemoheterotrophic Produce zoospores Decomposers and plant parasites Phytophthora infestans responsible for Irish potato blight P. cinnamomi infects Eucalyptus P. ramorum causes sudden oak death Oomycota Figure 12.15

2008 The Protozoa Table 12.1

2008 Eukaryotic Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs Vegetative form is a trophozoite Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony Sexual reproduction by conjugation Some produce cysts Protozoa Figure 12.16

2008 No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage) Archaezoa Figure 12.17b-d

2008 No mitochondria Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Nosema Microspora

2008 Move by pseudopods Entamoeba Acanthamoeba Rhizopoda (amoebas) No jpeg for Figure Figure 12.18a

2008 Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium Babesia Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Apicomplexa

2008 Plasmodium Figure Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes Asexual reproduction Intermediate host Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage Merozoites Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 7 5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites Definitive host In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote 8 Male gametocyte Female gametocyte Zygote Sexual reproduction Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 9 Sporozoites in salivary gland

2008 Cryptosporidium Figure 25.19

2008 Move by cilia Complex cells Balantidium coli is the only human parasite Ciliophora (ciliates) Figure 12.20

2008 Move by flagella Photoautotrophs Euglenoids Chemoheterotrophs Naegleria Flagellated and amoeboid forms, meningoencephalitis Trypanosoma Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectors Leishmania Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host Euglenozoa

2008 Euglenozoa Figure 12.21

2008 Slime Molds

2008 Cellular slime molds Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body. Some cells become spores Cellular Slime Molds Plasmodial slime molds Multinucleated large cells Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores

2008 Cellular Slime Mold Figure 12.22

2008 Plasmodial Slime Mold Figure 12.23

2008 The Helminths Table 12.1

2008 Helminths (parasitic worms) Eukaryotic Multicellular animals Chemoheterotrophic Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Class: Trematodes (flukes) Class: Cestodes (tapeworms) Phylum: Nematodes (roundworms)

2008 Trematodes Figure 12.25

2008 Humans as Definitive Host Figure 12.26

2008 Cestodes Figure 12.27

2008 Humans as Intermediate Host Figure 12.28

2008 Nematodes: Eggs Infective for Humans Figure 12.29

2008 Nematodes: Larvae Infective for Humans Figure 25.26

2008 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs) Class: Insecta (6 legs) Lice, fleas, mosquitoes Class: Arachnida (8 legs) Mites and ticks May transmit diseases (vectors) Arthropods as Vectors Figure 12.31, 32

2008 Arthropods as Vectors Figure 12.33