Island evolution. Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Geospiza magnirostris strenua Geospiza fortis Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus.

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Presentation transcript:

Island evolution

Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Geospiza magnirostris strenua Geospiza fortis Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus

land surface of the world islands: 3% mainland: 97% islands: 13.5% ( spp) mainland: 86.5% higher plant species ( spp)

Higher plant species total nrendemic nr % species species endemic New Zealand Madagascar Hawaii Cook Islands

Land snail species total nrendemic nr % species species endemic Madagascar Hawaii ca ca Canary Islands

Insect species Drosophila species: Hawaii

Insect species Drosophila species: spp. Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp. Hawaii

Insect species Drosophila species: spp. Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp. Sarona plant bug: 40 spp. Hawaii

Insect species 5700 spp., 2200 spp. endemic Canary islands

Insect species 285 spp. Tropical Pacific Lepidoptera 100 spp. one island endemics 28 spp. regional endemics

Lizard species 23 genera, 100 spp. Tropical Pacific Scincidae 66 spp. one island endemics 13 spp. regional endemics 9 endemics

Lizard species 1 endemic genus: 7 extant spp. Canary Islands Lacertids

Lizard species 400 spp. of Anolis Caribbean Anolis 150 spp. on Caribbean islands

Bird species spp. of birds 1750 spp. confined to islands (17%) 402 threatened (23%) 1132 threatened (11%)

Mammal species 84 genera, 170 spp. Philippines (7000 islands) 24 endemics (29%) 111 endemics (64%)

Comparisons among taxa Pacific Ocean Islands (26-30 islands) regional endemicslocal endemics butterflies10% 35% birds10% 65% skinks13% 66% mammals 6% 54% large, high, remote islands + +

Island evolution Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation

allopatric speciation

allopatric speciation

"sympatric" speciation allopatric speciation

Island evolution

Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, MadagascarJanssen et al. 2008

Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008

bipinnate clade tripinnate clade gymnosphaera Miocene-Pleistocene

bipinnate clade gymnosphaera tripinnate clade Pleistocene

bipinnate clade tripinnate clade gymnosphaera Pleistocene

Laurel forest, Teneriffe, Canary Islands Laurel, Seub franco Barbusano, Appollonias barbujana Isoplexis canarienis

Azores Madeira Canaries

Azores Madeira Canaries

Azores Madeira Canaries

Azores Madeira Canaries

Island evolution

colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind)

rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift

members colonize island 2

drift and adaptive changes to different environment

members of a derived population arrive at occupied island

competition, character displacement, reinforcement

Blue chaffinch, Fringilla teydea, Canary Islands

Island evolution

disruptive sexual selection disruptive natural selection discrete habitat models continuous resource models bekhoogte frequentie vruchtgrootte frequentie

Island evolution

~ latitude island ~ age island ~ taxon

Island evolution

anagenesis progenitor species becomes extinct

anacladogenesis progenitor survives with little change alongside the derived species

cladogenesis progenitor species is partitioned in two lines and becomes extinct in its original form

Hawaiian honeycreepers, Drepanidinae, Hawaii

Anolis radiation, Caribbean Islands

Juan Fernandez Islands

148 endemic species anagenesis 71% progenitor species becomes extinct cladogenesis 5% progenitor species is partitioned in two lines and becomes extinct in its original form anacladogenesis 24% progenitor survives with little change alongside the derived species