Technological Options for Reducing Non- CO 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Jeff Kuo, Ph.D., P.E. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering and Computer Science, CSUF

What are the Greenhouse Gases?

Properties of Greenhouse Gases GasConc Conc. 1998Lifetime (yrs) GWP CO ppmv365 ppmv CH ppbv1745 ppbv1023 N2ON2O270 ppbv314 ppbv CFC pptv CFC pptv CFC-1304 pptv40014,000

Kyoto Agreement – A legally binding Protocol: industrialized countries to reduce their collective GHG emissions by 5.2% by Cuts to most important gases: CO 2, methane (CH 4 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) - measured against 1990 baseline. Cuts in high global warming potential (GWP) gases - hydrofluoro-carbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) - measured against 1990 or 1995 baseline. What Have We Done?

USA ??? CA - On June 1, 2005 the California Governor signed Executive Order S-3-05 that established the GHG targets. The targets call for a reduction of GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2010; a reduction to 1990 levels by 2020; and a reduction to 80% below 1990 levels by What Have We Done?

Clearinghouse of Technological Options for Reducing Anthropogenic Non-CO 2 GHG Emissions from All Sectors. Funded by California Air Resources Board. A one-year project by CSUF. The Project

Climate mitigation studies have been focused on CO 2, especially energy-related sources. NCGGs have gained attention recently –Higher global warming potentials (GWPs) –Abundance of cost-effective and readily- implementable technological options –A more rapid response in avoiding climate impacts by focusing on short-lived gases Background

Project Objectives To develop a clearinghouse of technological options for reducing anthropogenic, NCGG emissions from sectors that are relevant to CA. To provide better characterization of cost- effective opportunities for emission reductions of NCGGs from all sectors. The findings can serve as a basis for a website to disseminate information on NCGG emission control technologies.

Project Tasks Identification of sources of NCGG emissions from various sectors in California Identification of available technological options for NCGG emission reductions through a comprehensive literature search Evaluation of the identified technological options for their applicability in CA Report preparation

Methods and Approaches – Comparison of GHG Emissions USA (2004)CA (2004) GasMMT CO2-Eq. (%)MMT CO2-Eq. (%)CA/USA Carbon Dioxide5, % %6.1% Methane5577.9%286.4%5.0% Nitrous Oxide3875.5%337.6%8.6% HFCs, PFCs, SF %143.2%9.9% Total7,074100%439100%6.2%

Methods and Approaches – Evaluation of Technological Options Status of technological options are quite different. Data on reduction efficiency (RE), market penetration (MP), technical applicability (TA), service lifetime, and costs were collected, if available, and presented. Data specific to CA were used first, followed by those specific to the USA, and then those developed for global perspectives or for other countries.

Methods and Approaches – Evaluation of Technological Options Technology Lifetime (yrs) MP (%) RE (%) TA (%) Capital cost Annual cost Benefits Installation of plunger lift systems in gas wells $3,986$159$8.21 Surge vessels for station/well venting <1$11,216$224$8.53 Replace high-bleed with low-bleed pneumatic devices $14$0$8.21 MP: market penetration; RE: reduction efficiency; TA: technical applicability; costs are in year 2000 US$/MT CO2-Eq. 1: USEPA (2004) & CEC (2005); 2: IEA (2003) & USEPA (2004)

Sources of Methane Emissions in CA

Methane Emission Reduction – Gas and Petroleum Systems Prevention – improved process efficiencies and leakage reduction Recovery and re-injection – recovery of off- gases and re-injection into the subsystems Recovery and utilization – recovery and utilization for energy production Recovery and incineration – recovery, followed by incineration (flaring) (Many in EPA Natural Gas STAR program)

Sources of Methane Emissions from Agriculture Sector in CA

Methane Emission Reduction – Enteric Fermentation Increase of feed conversion efficiency by adjusting animal diets Increase of animal production through the use of growth hormones Increase of animal production by improved genetic characteristics Improve nutrition through strategic supplementation Improved reproduction

Methane Emission Reduction – Manure Management Livestock reduction Prevention of anaerobic decomposition of manure during stabling of livestock Anaerobic digestion (covered lagoons; on- farm mesophilic digestion; on-farm thermophilic; centralized, off-farm mesophilic or thermophilic) Composting of animal manure Aerobic digestion

Sources of N 2 O Emissions in CA

N 2 O Emission Reduction – Agricultural Soil Management Most of the N 2 O emissions from agricultural activities are from soils, but the emission flux of N 2 O per unit surface area of soil is small. Two types of technological options: –Improve efficiencies in nitrogen utilization –Inhibit the formation of nitrous oxide

N 2 O Emission Reduction – Manure Management Reducing the number of animals by increasing their productivity Optimizing the crude protein/energy ratio in animal diets Nitrification and urease inhibitors Waste storage Use of cattle feed-pads during winter months Optimizing manure management

N 2 O Emission Reduction – Mobile Combustion Improve catalyst performance Use of N 2 O-decomposition catalyst Use of alternative technologies for NO x - emission reduction Alternative fuel

Sources of High-GWP Gases Emissions in CA

High-GWP Gases Emission Reduction – Substitution of Ozone-depleting Substances Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment Solvents Foam production Sterilization Fire extinguishing Technical aerosols

High-GWP Gases Emission Reduction – Foam Production HFC-134a is commonly used Alternative blowing agents Lower-GWP HFC substitution Alternative insulation materials and technologies Direct emission reduction

High-GWP Gases Emission Reduction – Electrical Transmission and Distribution SF 6 is commonly used as the insulator Use of recycling equipment Leak detection and repair (LDAR) Equipment replacement/refurbishment Others –gas mixtures, such as SF 6 /N 2 or SF 6 /CF 4 –145kV interrupters –solid-state current limiter

clearinghouse/non-co2-clearinghouse.htm

Acknowledgement Funded by California Air Resources Board (CARB ). Supports from college, department, and school. Special thanks to professionals all over the world who have spent efforts in developing technologies and measures toward emission reductions of NCGGs.