ETT 429 Spring 2007 History of Computers

History of Computers Timeline  Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC  Calculators s  Punched Card Devices s  First Electronic Computers s  Mainframes s  Minicomputers s  Microcomputers s  Microcomputer Systems s  Internet s

History of Computers Ancient Computing History The Abacus Mechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations. Still in use around the world.

History of Computers Early Computing History Invented the first mechanical calculator. The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations. Blaise Pascal

History of Computers Mechanical Calculators Joseph Jacquard  First “programmable” machine.  Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.  Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.

History of Computers Electronic Computer Systems  Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.  Used punch cards to input and externally store data.  Up to 4K of memory.  Programming in machine language and assembly language.  Required a compiler. First Generation:

History of Computers First Generation: World’s first electronic digital computer. Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)

History of Computers 1956 IBM 350 RAMAC Second Generation:  Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.  Up to 32K of memory.  Programming in computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

History of Computers Third Generation:  Used integrated circuits.  Up to 3 million bytes of memory.  Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

History of Computers  1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.  Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.  Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.  Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now (1) Microcomputer Revolution Begins.

History of Computers  Personal computers or PCs.  Usually cost about $2,000 or less.  Process over 1 billion operations per second.  “Stand-alone” or connected to other computers as a network system. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now (2) Microcomputers TEA

History of Computers Tim Berners-Lee  Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was born. 1990’s Connecting the World (1)

History of Computers Marc Andreessen  An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.  Co-founder of Netscape Communications. 1990’s Connecting the World (2)

History of Computers The 21st Century  Wireless Technology.  Truly individualized education.  Internet current primary trend.  Distance Education  Communication with colleagues.  Lesson plan preparation.  Student resources.  Access research and best practices for teaching. 05:34.0 TEA

History of Computers Question Has technology changed how and what we teach?

History of Computers Modern Educational Technology History (1)  First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in Mainframe Computer Systems

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (2)  First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in Mainframe Computer Systems

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (3)  Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s. Mainframe Computer Systems

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (4)  Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer  Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)  BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT) Mainframe Computer Systems

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (5) Designed to support personalized mastery learning  Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) - University of Pittsburgh  Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research Mainframe Computer Systems

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (6) National Education Computing Conference (NECC)  Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.  First conference held in1979.  Today is the largest educational technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (7)  Introduced in late 1970’s.  Adopted by public school systems during 1980’s.  Apple II  Commodore PET  Radio Shack TRS - 80 Microcomputers in Education

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (8)  Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by:  Large hardware manufacturers  Software systems companies  University development projects  New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators. Software

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (9)  Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)  Initially largest provider of educational software.  Funded by National Science Foundation.  MicroSift, EPIE  Provided courseware evaluations. Software

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (10) 15:05.0  Authoring systems  Response to educators quest for input into design of educational software.  Allowed educators to develop their own courseware. Software TEA

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (11)  Authoring systems  Required extensive expertise.  Extended time commitment.  Expanded work investment. Software TEA

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (12) Computer Literacy  Originally defined as programming skills and tools such as word processing.  Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing. 15:45.0

History of Computers Modern Ed Tech History (13) The Internet and the WWW Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom. 16:50.0 TEA

History of Computers Conclusions (1)  Computer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target.  Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable.  More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come. 17:20.0

History of Computers Conclusions (2)  Computer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system.  Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities. 18:00.0

History of Computers Conclusions (3)  Educators must keep pace with technological advances.  But often times technology changes faster than the educational environment.  Business and Industry must do it’s part in providing economical technology solutions. 18:40.0

History of Computers Reference/Bibliography  Lecture adopted from Texas Center for Educational Technology: 6sI0J: pt+PowerPoint+Presentation+for+History+of+C omputers&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2 6sI0J: pt+PowerPoint+Presentation+for+History+of+C omputers&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=2

History of Computers For Next Class  Read Office pages 2-15 &