Hearing & Deafness (5) Timbre, Music & Speech.

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Presentation transcript:

Hearing & Deafness (5) Timbre, Music & Speech

Vocal Tract

Source & Filter Larynx Vocal tract Output sound

Pitch and Formants 1. Harmonics (giving pitch) produced by vocal cord vibration 2. Formant frequencies: resonances of the vocal tract 3. Formant frequencies change as you change the shape of your vocal tract

Vowel production

Tuvan throat music

Tuvan throat music - 2

Vocal tract change Me (m) Shorter vocal-tract Higher pitch (higher formants) Both (-> f)

narrow-band spectrogram SWS narrow-band spectrogram sine-wave speech

Adding harmonics to make an instrument’s timbre Track 53 Different notes on clarinet and oboe

What determines an instrument’s timbre 1. “formant” frequencies 2. Amplitude envelope 3. Onset / offset transients

Instrument timbre does not scale - it is more like speech formants Cheap synthesisers do this to generate different notes Natural instruments and good synthesisers do this

Bassoon & violin notes Track 57

Forwards & backwards temporal envelopes Track 54 Track 56

Onset transients 0.7817 ﾐ0.6922 0.0842 Time (s) 0.7817 ﾐ0.6922 0.0842 ﾐ0.6922 0.0842 Time (s) 0.7817 ﾐ0.6922 0.0842 Time (s)

Why are some intervals consonant and others dissonant? Consonant musical intervals form simple ratios octave 2/1 fifth 3/2 fourth 4/3 major third 5/4 minor sixth 8/5 minor third 6/5 major sixth 5/3 major second 9/8 consonant dissonant

Two complex tones separated by a perfect fifth (3:2) Consonant intervals have maximally separated component frequencies