MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan1 Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices Chapter 3

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan2 Principles and Learning Objectives Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization. –Describe how to select and organize computer system components to support information system objectives and business organization needs.

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan3 Principles and Learning Objectives When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization.Your choice of a particular computer system device should always allow for later improvements. –Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central processing and memory devices. –Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of secondary storage devices. –Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and output devices. –Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each.

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan4 Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) Primary storage (main memory; memory) Secondary storage Input devices Output devices

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan5 Hardware Components

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan6 Hardware Components in Action Step 1: Fetch instruction Step 2: Decode instruction Step 3: Execute the instruction Step 4: Store results

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan7 Hardware Components in Action

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan8 Processing & Memory Devices

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan9 Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time is measured in: –Microseconds (1 millionth) –Nanoseconds (1 billionth) –Picoseconds (1 trillionth) –MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per Second)

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan10 Processing Characteristics and Functions Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time –Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second –Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan11 Clock Speed

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan12 Wordlength and Bus Line Width Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer Word: number of bits that can be processed as a unit Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan13 Physical Characteristics of the CPU Digital circuits on chips Electrical current flows through silicon Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips will double every 18 months

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan14 Physical Characteristics of the CPU Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan15 Moore’s Law

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan16 Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing Complex instruction set computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan17 Memory Characteristics and Functions

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan18 Storage Capacity

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan19 Types of Memory

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan20 Types of RAM EDO (Extended Data Out) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan21 Types of ROM ROM (read-only memory) PROM (programmable read-only memory) EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory)

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan22 Cache Memory

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan23 Multiprocessing Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan24 Massively Parallel Processing

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan25 Secondary Storage

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan26 Secondary Storage Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan27 Secondary Storage

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan28 Access Methods Sequential: records must be retrieved in order –Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASD) Direct: records can be retrieved in any order –Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan29 Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Storage area networks (SAN) Optical disks Magneto-optical (MO) disks Digital versatile disks (DVDs)

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan30 Types of Secondary Storage

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan31 Magnetic Disks

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan32 Storage Area Network

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan33 Digital Versatile Disk

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan34 Additional Devices and Media Memory cards Flash memory Expandable storage

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan35 Expandable Storage

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan36 Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan37 Characteristics and Functionality Data - can be human or machine readable Data entry - converts human readable data into machine-readable form Data input - transfers machine-readable data into the system Source data automation - capturing and editing data at its source

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan38 Input and Output Devices

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan39 Input Devices Personal computer input devices –Keyboard –Mouse Voice-recognition devices Digital cameras Terminals

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan40 Digital Computer Cameras

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan41 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan42 Output Devices Display monitors Printers and plotters Music devices Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) –Active matrix –Passive matrix

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan43 Printers

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan44 Computer System Types

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan45 Computer System Types

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan46 Standards

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan47 Standards

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan48 Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems Hard drive considerations Main memory considerations Printer considerations

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan49 Price List

MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan50 Summary Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage