Postcolonialism 1. Colonialism and de-colonization 2. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”: Colonial Education & the Cultural Identities 3. National Identity & Hybridity Nation & Nationalism Globalization Race and Gender Commonwealth Lit. & World Lit. in English Immigrants & Cultural Identity

Colonialism and de-colonization 1. From Form to Race, Starting Questions 2. Colonialism defined; physical and economic exploitation 3. Cultural Imperialism: 1) definition; 2) Colonial Discourse—e.g. Orientalism; 3) science 4. Cultural Imperialism: cultural & literary ExamplesExamples 5. Colonial Mentality (& the relations between the colonized and colonizer) 6. Effects of cultural imperialism; 7. De-colonization (& post-colonial resistance)De-colonization

Colonizer vs. colonized De-colonization starts even during the period of colonization, and it is not accomplished yet now. e.g. Homi Bhabha’s theory of mimicry: (textbook p ) Two ways to challenge colonial identity: Différance/Dissemination of colonial culture and its mimicry Hybridity –deny the fixed and central identity of the colonizer or nation.

Post-Structuralist + Post-Colonial: Mimicry C center Colonial Mimicry: All the same but not quite– e.g. Indian gentleman or Indian celebration of U.K.’s national day. Taiwanese Imitations: bell-bottom, rock and roll Différance = Dissemination

De-Colonization: history l million people - a third of the world's population - lived in Territories that were non-self- governing, dependent on colonial Powers. British decolonization, 1945 – 56 (e.g. India); Wars in overseas France, 1945 – 56 (e.g. Vietnam) The Sinai-Suez campaign (October – November 1956), which affected the two colonial powers, France and Britain a lot. a federal Malaysian government (1957); Hong Kong (1997). Algeria and French decolonization, from 1956 ; 1981, Antigua l  colonization is not over; internal fractures;  “The Empire Strikes back.”

Post-Colonial Resistance Positions: the subaltern, postcolonial intellectuals (exiles or at home), rejecting the past etc. Means: Language, History and (personal, cultural, national )Identity Strategies: Between Nativism & Assimilation. Mimicry Separati- Sm; open rebellion Re- Creation; Cultural Syncreticism ; negotiation Active participa- tion Appropriation

Post-Colonial Resistance (2) Examples: Separatism vs. Cultural Syncreticism: Chinua Achebe vs. Ngugi wa Thiong'o (Writing in Gikuyu) clip 1 Re-Creation ; 鄉土文學、台灣新電影（冬冬的 假期﹚ reinterprete the signs   parody Mimicry: e.g. 戲夢人生 clip 5 ， Buddha Bless America, clips 21, 23 Appropriation;

Reference l Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. NY: Routeledge, 1998.