PRINT Printing Press Invented by Johannes Gutenberg Mid 1400’s (Germany)

PRINT First press made from a refined wine press Printing press replaced scribes Scribes were members of high society fortunate enough to read and write. Scribes would hand letter one book at a time. Monks also transcribed early books. Before the printing press, it was necessary to memorize large amounts of information. Knowledge and information were also spread through church sermons.

Books/Social Implication Society now had a standardization of books and language. Books were produced far more efficiently More and more books sold Growth in number of libraries Greatly contributed to a rise in literacy and promoted the ability to learn independently New Ideas formed, contributed to the Protestant Reformation as ideas were spread outside the community.

Newspapers First appeared in N. America in 1690 Extremely slow growth for over 100 years, until 1800s. (low literacy, lack of extra money) Industrial Revolution provided better quality mechanical printing presses and brought money for workers.

Periodicals First appeared in Philadelphia in 1741 At first, costly to produce and distribute By 1850 there were 600 magazines in production Can reach specific, small niche audience

FILM Photographic film invented by George Eastman Movie film invented by Edison, Marey, and Muybridge Mid 1890’s

Film’s Social Implications Replaced live performances Replaced “Magic Lantern Shows,” where viewers peeked through a back-lit viewer to see lit images. What people could see and hear in movie theaters carried a strong impact on an individual’s thoughts and behaviors Words, slogans, slang, new ideas, and beliefs could spread across the country much faster than traveling performances.

PHONOGRAPH Invented by Thomas Edison 1877 “Talking Machine”

Phonograph Social Implication Replaced live performances Society began to purchase the early 78s (78 revolutions per minute) Recorded music reached into the american home