1 Education and Employment Compulsory education (Segregation from parent?) Education starting earlier, ending later Government ’ s commitment Erosion of standards –Centralized control of education (in the past) –Parental choice of “ best school ” (in the past) –Schooling as marketization subject (now)

2 Education & Employment -continued Competition: schools & students –Extra parent coaching at home –Supplementary materials & classes –Emphasis & impact on achievement –Determining influence of social class Post-compulsory edu. & unemployment Education vs. training Graduates ’ reliance on parental support Involved in paid work (both under- & developed countries): Teens pursuing luxuries?

3 Free Time (Leisure) Increasing privatized, but more supervision? Moving from public spaces to private spaces Parental anxiety (strangers, traffic, treats) Living room furnished with technology More likely to have own bed room More confined, less independently mobile High perception of risk, less going-out (autonomy)

4 Free Time Traditional outdoor / playground games appropriated by children Earlier teenage rebellion Maturing sooner & earlier sexual experience; earlier STD threat; Drug, alcohol, crime (mostly minority) Truancy & drop-out

5 Blurring Boundaries? Between adults and children More access to adult life vs. Increasingly segregated Changing relations of power and authority between adults and children “ Individualization ” process to be a citizen, and more voice heard vs. “ Indiscipline ” and moral collapse, so more authoritarian social polices

6 Unequal Childhood Social differences appear eroding, clearly in gender Ethnic diversity increases Polarization between poor and rich –Quality of life –Health –Education –Racism and family breakdown

7 Ch 5: Changing Media Children in the avant-garde of media development Discussion: Four dimensions –Technologies –Institutions –Texts –Audiences ‘Power’ of media –Interaction & Relationships between them (four above)

8 Technologies Technologies do not produce social change Recent changes in media technology –Proliferation Broader range of media & means of delivery –Convergence Commercially driven & blurred distinctions between linear broadcast & interactive narrowcast –Access Reduced access & distribution cost; Boundary between production & consumption breaking down

9 Implications Children & parents as significant markets Growing polarization: rich & poor –But still very few are exploiting the creative potential of digital media National centralized control undermined –From public to private –Internet: Anyone publishing anything –Production & consumption boundaries blurred

10 Institutions Three institutional & economic changes –Privatization Free market, monopolization, commercialized –Integration Vertical & Horizontal –fragmentation Production: casual labor, outsourcing, independent Consumption: specialized, fragmented audiences Media production: amateur & professional

11 Texts Changing characteristics of text The very status of texts is changing. Distinctions between video, games, movie… becoming irrelevant; Spin-offs of each other Intertextuality Interactivity Integrated phenomena: Text and related commodities packaged & marketed

12 Audiences Empowered audience vs. Commercially exploited; Empowered vs. Surveillance Greater choice for consumers –Repeated vs. new Greater activity –Engaged & committed vs. Casual & distracted Children’s rights: kids-only (Nickelodeon) Not a zero-sum game: either Powerful or Powerless

13 Back to the Boundaries Two forces at play in the changes –Centrifugal( 離心 ): fragmentation, differentiation –Centripetal( 向心 ): centralized control Relations between adults and children –Boundaries blurring; adult content for young audiences –“Youth” becoming an elastic category; becoming a lifestyle choice; trans-generation

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