Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw 4 Areas of Intellectual Property Law 4 Areas of Intellectual Property Law  Trademarks  Patents  Copyrights  Trade Secrets

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trademarks Trademarks  A distinctive mark, motto, device or implement that a manufacturer stamps, prints, or affixes to goods for identification

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trademarks Trademarks Federal law = The Lanham Act 1946 Federal law = The Lanham Act 1946 Register with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in D.C. Register with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in D.C.  2 requirements –currently in commerce or –will be in 6 months

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trademarks Trademarks  Registration:  Confers the right to protect your mark  Must be renewed between years 5-6, then every 10 years afterward  Allows use of the symbol

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trademarks Trademarks  Distinctiveness  Can register any distinctive mark Fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive marks are the strongestFanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive marks are the strongest Xerox, Kodak, English Leather, Dairy QueenXerox, Kodak, English Leather, Dairy Queen

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trademarks Trademarks  Cannot protect descriptive terms, geographical terms, or personal names until they have a secondary meaning  Generic terms cannot be protected  Computer, aspirin, raisin bran, kleenex, xerox

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trademarks Trademarks  Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995  Prohibits use of mark on noncompeting goods, regardless of the likelihood of confusion, e.g., “The Greatest Show on Earth”  Image/overall appearance=Trade Dress Pebble Beach v. Tour 18

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trademarks Trademarks  Other protected marks:  Service marks, certification marks, collective marks Trade Names Trade Names  Common law protection unless they are trademarks

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Patents Patents  The exclusive right to make, use & sell an invention  20 years for inventions  14 years for designs  Requirements for registration:  Genuine, novel, useful and not obvious

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Patents Patents  Patent Litigation  Federal law = federal courts  Expensive  Infringement = unauthorized use of patented design, process, or product  Licensed usage

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Patents Patents  Patent Litigation  Markman v. Westview Judge decides the scope and nature of patent claimsJudge decides the scope and nature of patent claims Increased use of summary judgment motion rather than jury trialsIncreased use of summary judgment motion rather than jury trials

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Patents for Software Patents for Software  Software programs are a process  Diamond v. Diehr  Must be novel, and not obvious  Process of obtaining patent may not be practical for programmers  Damages include order to destroy infringing materials, attorneys’ fees

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Copyrights Copyrights  Authors or originators of books, records, films, artworks, architectural plans, menus, music videos, product packaging, and computer software own their property for:  the life of the author + 50 years

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Copyrights Copyrights  Work must be original, fixed in a durable medium and a:  literary work  musical work  dramatic work  pantomimes/choreographic work  pictorial, graphic, /sculptural work  film/audiovisual work  sound recording

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Copyrights Copyrights  No copyrights for:  Ideas, procedures, processes, systems, methods of operation, concepts, principles, or discoveries.  Widely known facts

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Copyrights Copyrights  Ripley’s Believe It or Not?  Yellow Pages?  White Pages?  Karaoke?  ABKCO Music, Inc. v. Stellar Records, Inc.

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Copyright Infringement Copyright Infringement  Copying the form or expression  Even if not exactly the same  Even if just a partial copy Exception: Fair Use DoctrineException: Fair Use Doctrine  Damages are actual/statutory or criminal for willful violations

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Copyright Infringement Copyright Infringement  Liability?  Professor’s use in teaching  Reporter’s use in news  Critic’s use in commenting  Is there any effect on the market for the original work? Princeton University Press v. MDS

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Copyrights Copyrights  Software can be protected as a literary work  Binary code  “Look and feel”  NETA – no pirating/joy riding under penalty of $250,000 &/or 5 years

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Trade Secrets Trade Secrets  Customer lists, price lists, plans, strategies, R&D, production techniques  Ideas and Expression protected  State common laws  Nondisclosure agreements  Economic Espionage Act –federal crime

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Cyberlaw Cyberlaw  Domain names - street address or trademark? .com.org.edu.gov  Name of the firm  National Science Foundation – Network Solutions, Inc.

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Cyberlaw Cyberlaw  Domain Names  No infringing affidavit  Regular usage requirement  Trademark law isn’t readily transferable  Infringement possibilities  Dilution problems

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Cyberlaw Cyberlaw  Cybersquatting  Panavision International v. Toeppen  Commercial vs. noncommercial use of your trademark

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Cyberlaw – Patents Cyberlaw – Patents  Data-compression software, encryption programs, etc.  International intellectual property licenses

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Cyberlaw – Copyrights Cyberlaw – Copyrights  When is a copy made?  During viewing?  During download onto disk?  as attachment?  Public display/performance?

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw Cyberlaw – Copyrights Cyberlaw – Copyrights  AOL – is it a self-service copier or can it be held liable for providing the means to copy a work?  Does the service provider benefit from the copyright infringement?  Knew or should have it?

Intellectual Property and Cyberlaw International Protection for Intellectual Property International Protection for Intellectual Property  Berne Convention 1886 protects authors in countries that have signed  TRIPS 1994  GATT/WTO signors  Signor countries have IP protection laws  Non-discrimination agreement