Chapter 9 The Hydrosphere Physical Geography A Landscape Appreciation, 9/e Animation Edition Victoria Alapo, Instructor Geog 1150

The Hydrosphere The Hydrologic Cycle The Oceans Permanent Ice Surface Waters Underground Water

The Hydrologic Cycle Earth Moisture Inventory (next slide) Movement of Water Surface to Air Air to Surface On and Beneath Surface

Earth Moisture Inventory Oceans: 97.2% Underground water: 0.5% Glaciers: 2.0% Surface Water: 0.25% (Rivers / streams, only: 0.0001%)

The Hydrologic Cycle

Moisture Balance Oceans Versus Continents

The Oceans Oceans and Seas Seas, gulf and bays are landlocked or partially landlocked smaller bodies of water (see map & table, pg 264). See next slides for various oceans & seas. Pacific Ocean houses some of the world’s disastrous storms Pacific Ring of Fire (pg 425 & 430). Characteristics of Ocean Waters (next slides) Movement of Ocean Waters Tides – pg 269. Vertical movement of oceans caused by gravitational pull of the moon (know this). Currents – due to wind flow and Coriolis effect (pg 95) Waves – mostly shapes (pg 590)

Oceans and Seas

Characteristics of Ocean Waters Fig. 9-5 Four oceans Characteristics of Ocean Waters Chemical composition – 3.5% salt, by weight! Temperature – colder with depth, freezing point is 28 degrees. Density – denser with depth (more pressure)

Permanent Ice Glaciers Glaciers – 2% of water storage (also see interesting info on pg 271). Oceanic Ice Forms Permafrost Glaciers

Oceanic Ice Forms

Earth’s Largest Ice Pack

Extent of Permafrost Permafrost – Permanently frozen water in subsoil

Surface Waters Lakes – opposite of islands. Some formed by glaciers, others by tectonic forces. No size limit; very small lakes are ‘ponds’. Most are freshwater. See next slide and pg 275-277. Swamps and Marshes Rivers and Streams – interchangeable, but a stream is smaller.

World’s Largest Lakes

Human Alteration of Natural Lakes Fig. 9-C. Aral Sea is shrinking due to dam construction and diversion of water for irrigation of agricultural land.

Aral Sea Fig. 9-18, pg 277

Swamps and Marshes Swamps have trees Marshes have grasses and rushes Fig. 9-20.

Major Drainage Basins A drainage basin is all the land drained by a river and its tributaries, i.e. where all its water comes from.

Rivers and Streams

Underground Water Aquifers and Aquicludes (next slide) Zone of Saturation Water Table – top of saturation zone (next slide) Cone of Depression (next slides) Zone of Confined Water – confined water btw 2 aquicludes (see Artesian Well slide) Artesian Systems The Ogallala Aquifer

Aquifers and Aquicludes Aquifers are permeable rock that holds water e.g. sandstone. Aquicludes are impermeable materials which hinder water movement e.g. clay

Cone of Depression This is when water level drops in a well, in the shape of a ‘cone’, because water is being taken up faster than can flow in to replace it.

Artesian Well When a well is dug and the pressure is so high that the water rises to the surface. It “pumps itself”. Pg 283.

Artesian System

The Ogallala Aquifer Found in the Great Plains (Midwest U.S.). Allows farmers to irrigate, but it’s being endangered.