Prof. Mel Ulmer DEPT OF PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY

The Concept: Intact Electroforming Multilayer Process

Coated Mandrel

Astrophysical Motivation Hard X-ray Astronomy ( keV) is rich but: Need focusing for improved sensitivity and imaging Flexible design of focal length Need the best angular resolution possible

resolution arc min 45 arc sec resolution arc sec

Cas A 8.5 x 8.5 arc min 24 x 24 arc sec 1.3 x 1.3 arc min 3.5 x 3.5 arc min 3C 273 Per A Gal. Cen.

Advantages of IEMP: Coat Mandrel => Focal Length, small as 1-2 meters => SMEX is possible Electroforming offers the best angular resolution (< 10 arc sec) outside custom figuring An additional advantage of proccess at NU = CNx coating (10 nm) smooths & protects

Now the entire process: Coat mandrel with CNx Coat mandrel with release layer Coat with multilayers Coat with adhesion layers Electroform Remove electroform Remove release layer

Two different orientations about optical axis, same energy About 90 deg rotation

Higher Energy

Conclusion: Excellent Multilayers because: Same Bragg angles at different energies, more penetrating versus less Same Bragg angles at different energies, more penetrating versus less Narrow Bragg peaks Narrow Bragg peaks One multilayer d-spacing = 5.29 nm fits all One multilayer d-spacing = 5.29 nm fits all Same Bragg angles at different axis rotations Same Bragg angles at different axis rotations All the above plus fits indicate well over 10% efficiency. How high? Perhaps near theoretical = 80% All the above plus fits indicate well over 10% efficiency. How high? Perhaps near theoretical = 80%

30 cm long, 12 cm dia. 2 m focal length Wolter I With multilayers First Light

Where do we go from here? Further analysis of in hand mirror to cement reflectivity efficiency estimates Further analysis of in hand mirror to cement reflectivity efficiency estimates Advance to an even better truncated cone mandrel Advance to an even better truncated cone mandrel Move to graded d-spacing with new multilayer coating chamber Move to graded d-spacing with new multilayer coating chamber Advance to Wolter I mirrors and fly them!! Advance to Wolter I mirrors and fly them!!

Co-Authors: Bob I. Altkorn, Anita Madan, Mike Graham, and Yong S. Chu Helpers, collaborators, etc. : Al Krieger, Dan Parsignault, Derrick Mancini, Matt Steele, Peter Takcas, Yip-Wah Chung, Jane Chang NASA Support: SR&T and Con X

The End