Module 2.2: ADSL, ISDN, SONET WDM FDM TDM T-1 ADSL ISDN SONET K. Salah

Wavelength Division Multiplexing Used for fiber optics Multiplexing and demultiplexing involve light signals Combining and splitting of light sources are done by prisms. K. Salah

Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands) e.g. broadcast radio Channel allocated even if no data K. Salah

FDM System K. Salah

FDM Example Touch Tone Dialing When dialing 8, two bursts of analog signal with frequencies 852 and 1336 Hz are sent to the Central Office K. Salah

TDM System K. Salah

T-1 Frame K. Salah

DS Hierarchy K. Salah

Digital Carrier Systems Hierarchy of TDM US/Canada/Japan use one system, Europe uses different. US system is based on DS-1 format. For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec) Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info Data: 56,000 bps per channel at 24 channels = 1,344,000 bps Control: 8000 bps per channel at 24 channels = 192,000 bps Framing: 8000 bps for frame synchronization = 8000 bps For digital data Same format is used The effective data rate in general is 56k x 24 = 1.344 Mbps K. Salah

Leased T1 A typical configuration scheme of a leased T1 WAN connection between two sites involves a V.35 link between a router’s V.35 port and a CSU/DSU. The CSU/DSU provides the interface to the T1 circuit. This circuit terminates at the telco’s CO either directly or via a POP located near the customer’s premises. The CO then provides connectivity to the network. K. Salah

Asynchronous TDM Called also statistical time-division multiplexing Synchronous TDM doesn’t guarantee high link utilization because timeslots are pre-assigned and fixed. If a device is not transmitting, the corresponding timeslot is empty. Suppose you have multiplexed the output of 20 computers to a single line. In synchronous TDM, the speed of the line must be at least 20 times the speed of each input line. Half of this capacity is wasted if we have 10 computers only in use at a time. Asynchronous TDM is designed to avoid this type of waste by filling up all timeslots. Timeslot is not fixed per device. Multiple devices could share the same timeslot. Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full In asynchronous TDM, the total speed of the input lines can be greater than the capacity of the path. In synchronous TDM, if we have n input lines, the frame contains at least n timeslots In asynchronous TDM, if we have n input lines, the frame contains m slots, with m less than n. K. Salah

Synchronous vs. Asynchronous TDM K. Salah

ISDN User Network Interface ISDN allows multiplexing of devices over single ISDN line Two interfaces Basic ISDN Interface Primary ISDN Interface K. Salah

Basic ISDN Interface Digital data exchanged between subscriber and NTE - Full Duplex Separate physical line for each direction Pseudoternary coding scheme 1=no voltage, 0=positive or negative 750mV +/-10% 2B1Q or AMI digital baseband line encoding Data rate 192kbps Basic access is two 64kbps B channels and one 16kbps D channel (2B+D) This gives 144kbps multiplexed over 192kbps Remaining capacity used for framing and sync B channel is basic isdn channel Data PCM voice Separate logical 64kbps connections to different destinations D channel used for control or data: LAPD frames Each frame 48 bits long One frame every 250s K. Salah

Primary ISDN Point to point Typically supporting PBX 1.544Mbps Based on US DS-1 Used on T1 services 23 B plus one D channel 2.048Mbps Based on European standards 30 B plus one D channel Line coding is AMI using HDB3 K. Salah

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL uses Analog signaling (DMT or Discrete Multitone) Link between subscriber and network Local loop Uses currently installed twisted pair cable Can carry broader spectrum 1 MHz or more Asymmetric Greater capacity downstream than upstream Frequency division multiplexing Lowest 25kHz for voice Plain old telephone service (POTS) Use FDM to give two bands Use FDM within bands Range 5.5km K. Salah

DMT Transmitter ADSL uses Discrete Multitone (DMT) Upstream and downstream bands are divided into 4 khz channel, each capable of transfering 60 kbps. With 256 downstream subchannels, we can transmit up to 15.36 Mbps, but transmission impairments prevent this. Current rates go from 1.5 to 9 Mbps. HDSL and SDSL use digital signaling, AMI and 2B1Q line coding. ADSL and VDSL use analog signaling, DMT modulation. K. Salah

ADSL Terminology ATU-C: ADSL Transmission Unit, Central The ADSL point of termination in the central office An ADSL modem ATU-R: ADSL Transmission Unit, Remote The remote user’s ADSL modem The CPE DSLAM: DSL Access Multiplexer Central office device that concentrates many ADSL connections into one DSLAM contains ATU-Cs K. Salah

End-to-End ADSL Architecture PSTN DSLAM ATU-R IP IP ISP ATM/ Frame Relay Network ISP L2/L3 Services Aggregator Corporate UCP ATU-R Content Providers Local Loop Central Office Broadband Network K. Salah