© 2003, John B. Pryor, Ph.D. Illinois State University GENDER © 2003, John B. Pryor, Ph.D. Illinois State University

Levi Suydam • In 1843 Levi Suydam, a 23-year-old resident of Salisbury, Connecticut, asked the town's board of selectmen to allow him to vote as a Whig in a hotly contested local election. • Tories contested Suydam’s gender. • The selectmen brought in a physician, one Dr. William Barry, to examine Suydam and settle the matter. Presumably, upon encountering a phallus and testicles, the good doctor declared the prospective voter male. • With Suydam safely in their column, the Whigs won the election by a majority of one. • Barry later discovered that Levi had vaginal opening and menstruated. He also had many feminine behaviors.

biological social Gender

Unusual case of David Reimer Identical twin, genetic male Penis burned off during circumcision Surgically altered to resemble a female Given female Hormones •Raised as a female

Unusual case of David Reimer When told at 14 about his past, decided to have surgery to return being a male. Late he married to a woman who already had children. Ultimately, David Committed suicide. Unhappy childhood, felt different, not accepted by boys or girls

Gender Two aspects of gender: 1) Gender Role 2) Gender Identity

Money & Ehrhardt (1972) Five variables that contribute to a person’s gender role and gender identity: 1) Chromosomal Gender 2) Gonadal Gender 3) Hormonal Gender 4) Morphological Gender 5) Assigned Gender John Money

FIVE CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES 1) X (Turner’s syndrome) 2) XXX 3) XYY 4) XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome) 5) XXXY

Tula XXXY

TWO HORMONAL ANOMALIES IN GENETIC FEMALES 1) Progestin-Induced Hermaphroditism (PIH) 2) Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS) -also called congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Adrenogenital Syndrome

Adrenogenital Syndrome

TWO HORMONAL ANOMALIES IN GENETIC MALES 1) Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome 2) Guevodoces - 5-Alpha Reductase Syndrome

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

MONEY’S HYPOTHESIS: Prenatal hormones predispose people to certain gender-linked behaviors in later life. Four Groups of Females: 1) Turner’s Syndrome 2) Progestin-Induced Hermaphroditism 3) Adrenogenital Syndrome 4) Normal Females

Gender as a continuum

Transsexualism a gender identity disorder 3-4 more times more common among genetic males no proven genetic, hormonal, or psychopathological antecedants New research has found that male-to-female transsexuals have a smaller BSTc region in their hypothalamuses than non-transsexual men. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sexual behavior. This region is typically larger in men than in women.

SEX CHANGES at Gender Identity Clinics 1) Psychosocial Treatment - Learning the gender role 2) Hormonal Treatment 3) Plastic Surgery

Renee Richards

Transsexuals-post surgery

Female to Male Transexual

Some Male to Female Transexuals

Some cultures do not have just a 2 category system 3rd Sex Female Male

Gender Catergories in Other Cultures Third Sex among Navajo

Native American terms for 3rd Sex 1.Nadle - Navajo 2.Bade' - Crow 3.Winkte - Lakota 4.Ihamana - Zuni 5.Mujerado - Laguna/Acoma 6.Siange - Winnebago 7.A-whock - Arapaho 8.Hemaneh - Cheyennes

both man and women - Native American Two-Spirit People Berdache GENDER CATEGORIES IN OTHER CULTURES both man and women - Native American Two-Spirit People Berdache

This Navajo Berdache wore clothing that was distinct from both that of men and women

This Crow Berdache was named ‘Finds-them -and-kills- them’. He dressed as a man one day when he went to war with the men of his tribe.

India Hindu cult of the Hijra Males who amputate their penises GENDER CATEGORIES IN OTHER CULTURES India Hindu cult of the Hijra Males who amputate their penises Dress and live as women participate in fertility rituals often make their living as prostitutes

Hijra dancing at wedding

Hijra at home 3 Hijra going to temple

Blessing infant Dancing At Festival

Cheryl Chase