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1 Text Book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, S. Russell and P. Norvig, 3/e, Prentice Hall, 2010 References  Artificial Intelligence, Patrick Henry Winston, 3/e, Pearson Education, 2002  Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Nils.J.Nilsson, Narosa Publ., 2002

1 Scheme of Evaluation ComponentsMarks Mid Term Examination (March ‘12) 30 Project*20 Term End Examination50 Total100

Intelligence 3 kinds of intelligence… (Niccolo ) – Understands things for itself – Appreciates what others can understand – Understands neither for itself nor through others Ability to think, perceive, learn, take decision… 4

Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy at MIT (Massachusetts Inst. Of Tech.) It includes.. – Game playing – Expert systems – Natural Language Processing – Neural Networks – Robotics 5

Table Tennis… 6

Musical skills… 7

Can u ???? 8

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Eliza – a friend you could never have before You: i am so sad Eliza: Do you think coming here will help you not to be sad? You: sure Eliza: Please go on. You: i am very much depressed Eliza: Do you think coming here will help you not to be depressed? You: yes Eliza: You are sure? You: my dedication has not been recognized by my boss Eliza: Why do you say your boss? 17

What is AI? AI is the reproduction of building intelligent entities. 18 an attempt of

More Definitions… AI is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers to think like humans Designing machines to do things, which at the moment people do better 19

More Definitions… Discipline that systematizes and automates reasoning processes to create machines that: Act like humansAct rationally Think like humansThink rationally 20

 Main goal of AI  AI Methodology Take a task at which people are better, Prove a theorem Play chess Plan a surgical operation Diagnose a disease Navigate in a building 21 Act like humansAct rationally Think like humansThink rationally

 How it performs tasks does matter  The reasoning steps are important  Ability to create and manipulate symbolic knowledge (definitions, concepts, theorems, …) 22 Act like humansAct rationally Think like humansThink rationally

 Rationality  Goal is to build agents that always make the “best” decision  “Best” means…  Connections to economics and control theory 23 Act like humansAct rationally Think like humansThink rationally

Some Achievements…  Stanford Robo (2005) won DARPA grand challenge – 131 miles in desert  Carnegie Mellon & GM’s BOSS (2007) won DARPA Urban Challenge – 51 miles in urban area 24

Some Achievements…  Computers have won over world champions in several games, including Checkers, Othello, and Chess..  IBM’s WATSON (Feb 2011) defeated two champions Brad and Ken  formal calculus, video games, route planning, logistics planning, pharmaceutical drug design, medical diagnosis, hardware and software trouble-shooting, speech recognition, traffic monitoring, facial recognition, medical image analysis, part inspection, etc...  Some industries (automobile, electronics) are highly robotized, while other robots perform brain and heart surgery, are rolling on Mars, fly autonomously, …, but home robots still remain a thing of the future 25

Main Areas of AI  Knowledge representation (including formal logic)  Search, especially heuristic search (puzzles, games)  Planning  Reasoning under uncertainty, including probabilistic reasoning  Learning  Agent architectures  Robotics and perception  Natural language processing 26 Search Knowledge rep. Planning Reasoning Learning Agent Robotics Perception Natural language... Expert Systems Constraint satisfaction

History of AI  1956: The name “Artificial Intelligence” is coined  60’s: Search and games, formal logic and theorem proving  70’s: Robotics, perception, knowledge representation, expert systems  80’s: More expert systems, AI becomes an industry  90’s: Rational agents, probabilistic reasoning, machine learning  00’s: Systems integrating many AI methods, machine learning, reasoning under uncertainty, robotics again 27

Exercises Define – Intelligence – Artificial Intelligence – Agent 28

Homework A farmer wants to move himself, a silver fox, a fat goose, and some tasty grain across a river, from the west side to the east side. Unfortunately, his boat is so small he can take at most one of his possessions across on any trip. Worse yet, an unattended fox will eat a goose, and an unattended goose will eat grain, so the farmer must not leave the fox alone with the goose or the goose alone with the grain. What is he to do? 29