Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Living in a Digital World

Objectives Overview Define the term, database, and explain how a database interacts with data and information Describe the qualities of valuable information Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file Describe file maintenance techniques (adding records, modifying records, deleting records) and validation techniques Differentiate between a file processing approach and the database approach Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 2 See Page 351 for Detailed Objectives

Objectives Overview Discuss the functions common to most database management systems Describe characteristics of relational, object- oriented, and multidimensional databases Explain how to access Web databases Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 3 See Page 351 for Detailed Objectives

Databases, Data, and Information Database Collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data Data Collection of unprocessed items Text Numbers Images Audio Video Information Processed data Organized Meaningful Useful Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 4 Page 352

Databases, Data, and Information Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 5 Pages 352 – 353 Figure 9-1

Databases, Data, and Information Database software, often called a database management system (DBMS), allows users to: Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 6 Page 352 Create a computerized database Add, modify, and delete data Sort and retrieve data Create forms and reports from the data

Databases, Data, and Information Data integrity identifies the quality of the data Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the accuracy of the input Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 7 Page 353

Databases, Data, and Information Valuable information should have the following characteristics: Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 8 Page 354 AccurateVerifiableTimelyOrganizedAccessibleUseful Cost- effective

The Hierarchy of Data Data is organized in layers – Files, records, fields, characters Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 9 Page 355 Figure 9-2

The Hierarchy of Data A character is one byte – Numbers, letters, space, punctuation marks, or other symbols A field is a combination of one or more related characters – Field name – Field size – Data type Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 10 Pages 355 – 356 Figure 9-3

The Hierarchy of Data Common data types include: Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 11 Page 356 TextNumericAutoNumberCurrencyDateMemoYes/NoHyperlinkObjectAttachment

The Hierarchy of Data Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 12 Page 356 Figure 9-4 A record is a group of related fields – A primary key uniquely identifies each record A data file is a collection of related records

Maintaining Data File maintenance refers to the procedures that keep data current Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 13 Pages Adding records Modifying records Deleting records

Maintaining Data Users add new records to a file when they obtain new data Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 14 Page 357 Figure 9-5

Maintaining Data Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data or update old data Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 15 Pages Figure 9-6

Maintaining Data When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes it from a file Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 16 Pages Figure 9-7

Maintaining Data Validation compares data with a set of rules or values to find out if the data is correct Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 17 Pages Alphabetic/Numeric check Range checkConsistency check Completeness checkCheck digitOther checks Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Data Validation below Chapter 9

File Processing Versus Databases Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 18 Pages File processing system Each department has its own set of files Used for many years Have data redundancy Isolate data Database approach Programs and users share data Reduce data redundancy Improve data integrity Share data Allows easier access Reduces development time Can be more vulnerable

File Processing Versus Databases Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 19 Page 362 Figure 9-10

Database Management Systems Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 20 Page 363 Figure 9-11 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click MySQL below Chapter 9

Database Management Systems A data dictionary contains data about each file in the database and each field in those files Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 21 Page 364 Figure 9-12

Database Management Systems A DBMS provides several tools that allow users and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the database Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 22 Pages Query languageQuery by exampleFormReport generator

Database Management Systems A query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify the data to display, print, or store Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist users with retrieving data Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 23 Pages

Database Management Systems Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 24 Page 365 Figure 9-13

Database Management Systems A DBMS provides means to ensure that only authorized users access data at permitted times Access privileges Principle of least privilege Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 25 Page 367 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Data Security below Chapter 9

Database Management Systems A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to restore the database to a usable form in case it is damaged or destroyed Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 26 Page 367 BackupLog Recovery utility Continuous backup Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Continuous Backup below Chapter 9

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query language that allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 27 Page 369 Figure 9-18

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects Object-oriented databases often use Object Query Language (OQL) to manipulate and retrieve data Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 28 Page 369 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Object-Oriented Databases below Chapter 9

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases A multidimensional database can store data in more than two dimensions of data – Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and manages the data required to analyze historical and current transactions Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 29 Page 370 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Data Warehouses below Chapter 9

Web Databases Databases on the Web allow you to: Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 30 Page 370 Shop for products or services Buy or sell stocksSearch for a job Make airline reservations Register for college classes Check semester grades

Web Databases Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 31 Page 371 Figure 9-19

Database Administration Database analysts and administrators are responsible for managing and coordinating all database activities Database Analyst (DA) Decides on proper field placement, defines data relationship, and identifies users’ access privileges Database Administrator (DBA) Creates and maintains the data dictionary, manages security, monitors performance, and checks backup and recovery procedures Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Chapter 9 32 Page 371