The first flowering plants The most primitive living angiosperms The shared primitive characters Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms Living sister groups Extinct sister groups

General Angiosperm Relations --- Soltis et al. 2008

Amborella

Amborella - flowers See endress2001.pdf for interpretation

Amborella

Amborella

Nymphaea

Nymphaea

Nymphaea

Hydatella See sokoloff2008.pdf for review of cotyledons and inference that the monocot cotyledon is a pair of fused cotyledons.

Austrobaileya blooming liana at UVM

Austrobaileya flowers native to Queensland, northeastern Australia

The first flowering plants The most primitive living angiosperms The shared primitive characters Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms Living sister groups Extinct sister groups

Inferred ancestral features of angiosperms (from living groups) more than two whorls (or series) of tepals and stamens stamens with protruding adaxial or lateral pollen sacs several free, ascidiate carpels closed by secretion extended stigma extragynoecial compitum one or several ventral pendent ovule(s) equivocal: bisexual vs. unisexual fl owers whorled vs. helical attachment to receptacle presence vs. absence of tepal differentiation anatropous vs. orthotropous ovules. Simple flowers of the basal groups are reduced rather than primitively simple. Endress and Doyle 2009

Distribution of ascidiate carpels

Trimenia has ascidiate carpels. SEMs: endress2001.pdf

And the pistils of Amborella are taken as simple, ascidiate carpels. Endress2001.pdf: arrows in E are openings to carpel, numbers in F are origin sequence

The gynoecium of Myristica arises as a single ascidiate carpel, then develops a cleft. armstrong1986.pdf

Endress’s sequence of evolution of the early angiosperm carpel. Secretion in blue, post-genital fusion in red. Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. (2000). Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161(S6), S211-S213.

Nymphaea Nymphaeaceae Austrobaileya Austrobaileyaceae Amborella Amborellaceae Also see fossil: wang_x2011.pdf Summary of molecules and morphology doyle_ja2012.pdf Asimina Annonaceae Myristica Myristicaceae

So what the heck is an extragynoecial compitum? endress2011.pdf

Major changes in flower morphology (and most primitive states)

The first flowering plants The most primitive living angiosperms The shared primitive characters Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms Living sister groups Extinct sister groups

The Cretaceous APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology.

Archaefructus – early Aptian (124my) Nymphaeales APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology. Archaefructus – early Aptian (124my) Nymphaeales

First angiosperm fossils --- in phylogenetic context APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology. from Doyle and Endress, 2010

First angiosperm fossils --- sequence of diversification APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology. from Doyle and Endress, 2010

The first flowering plants The most primitive living angiosperms The shared primitive characters Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms Living sister groups Extinct sister groups

Gnetum

The first flowering plants The most primitive living angiosperms The shared primitive characters Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms Living sister groups Extinct sister groups

Glossopteris

Pentaxylon

Bennetitales: Cycadeoidea

Bennetitales: Williamsonia

Caytonia

soltis_d2008-2.pdf

Bailey’s drawings of carpels from the Winteraceae, Magnoliids So, Bailey’s plicate (conduplicate) carpel may be a valid inference based on the Magnoliid carpel, but derived from a plicate carpel. Bailey’s drawings of carpels from the Winteraceae, Magnoliids bailey1951.pdf

The first flowering plants The most primitive living angiosperms The shared primitive characters Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms Living sister groups Extinct sister groups

Extra slides

Peltaspermum

Callistophyton

FLOWER FORM AND MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT Classic ABCE model Evolution of MADS genes ABC model developed for core eudicots “shifting boundary model” applied to some basal eudicots and monocots (III) “fading borders”model proposed for basal angiosperms From D. Soltis et al. 2008

Ascidiate carpels with an extragynoecial compitum….. compitum: a tract of transmission tissue in the gynoecium that is common to all the carpels of the one flower and that allows pollen landing on any one stigma or part of a stigma to fertilise ovules in any carpel compitum: a tract of transmission tissue in the gynoecium that is common to all the carpels of the one flower and that allows pollen landing on any one stigma or part of a stigma to fertilise ovules in any carpel Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. (2000). Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161(S6), S211-S213.

Plicate carpels. Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. (2000). Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161(S6), S211-S213.