Notes: Mid-semester Evals Exam

22 “Learning and Memory” Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686) Lecture Chapter 18.

Learning and Memory Multiple Memory Systems Multiple Memory Systems Different kinds of learning and memory use independent neural processes

Varieties of Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia - Infantile - Fugue - Time – dependent - Transient global Anterograde Amnesia - Transient global - Transient global ECT ; Restricted damage, alcohol and drugs

Theories of Retrograde Amnesia Consolidation Theory Consolidation Theory Multiple-trace Theory Multiple-trace Theory Reconsolidation Theory Reconsolidation Theory

Multiple Long-Term Memory Systems Three types of long-term memories Three types of long-term memories Explicit Memories “Top-down” processing Implicit Memories “Bottom-up” processing Emotional Memory “Bottom-up” and “Top-down” processing

Implicit vs Explicit vs Emotional Memory H.M. - Able to learn to complete a task, yet has no memory of ever having performed the test H.M. - Able to learn to complete a task, yet has no memory of ever having performed the test J.K. - Implicit memory deficits: Forgot how to turn on lights J.K. - Implicit memory deficits: Forgot how to turn on lights Preserved memory for events and new experiences Dememtia patients: - explicit and Implicit memory deficits Dememtia patients: - explicit and Implicit memory deficits - “prefer” photos of relatives

Neural Substrates of Explicit Memory Temporal-frontal-lobe neural basis for explicit memory

Anatomy of the Hippocampus Perforant pathway Perforant pathway Fimbria-Fornix pathway Fimbria-Fornix pathway

Hippocampal Function: Case Histories of Hippocampal Function Case Histories of Hippocampal Function Progressively greater damage leads to progressively more significant retrograde amnesia Neural Connections to the Hippocampus Neural Connections to the Hippocampus Conclusions: Conclusions: 1. Anterograde deficits are more severe 2. Episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories 3. Patients cannot time travel to the past or future

The Rhinal Cortex

Hemispheric Specialization Temporal cortex: Right Temporal - face recognition, spatial position, and maze learning Left Temporal - word lists, consonant trigrams, nonspatial associations, and on the Hebb Recurring- Digits test Frontal Cortex: Left Prefrontal - Encodes semantic and episodic information Right Prefrontal - Retrieves episodic information

Diffuse Damage and Explicit Memory Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory Circuit for implicit memory Circuit for implicit memory Neocortex and basal ganglia

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Huntington’s chorea Motor Cortex Motor Cortex Pursuit-Rotor Task Cerebellum Cerebellum

Neural Substrates of Emotional Memory Damage to the amygdala disrupts emotional memory, but not implicit or explicit

Neural Substrates of Short-Term Memory Short-term memory and the Frontal Lobes Short-term memory and the Frontal Lobes Separate systems for short-term spatial memory and short-term object memory