Crusades

I. Motives for the Crusades A.Pope Urban calls for crusade, Motive—to liberate the church A.Religious significance of Jerusalem C. Apocalyptic ideas D. Feudal motives 1. Land and riches 2. Penitential merit 3. Knightly honor and purpose 4. Legitimacy and popularity as rulers

II. Spontaneous Crusades A.Peter the Hermit in France and Emich of Leiningen 1.Apocalyptic preaching 2.Attack on the Jews a.Avenge the crucifixion b.Convert or die B. Troubles in Hungary 1. Emich’s defeat C. Crusaders destroyed at Nicea

III. The Amazing First Crusade A.Led by assemblage of feudal lords 1.Godfrey of Bouillion 2.Baldwin 3.Robert of Normandy 4.Bohemund of Taranto B. Conflicts with Emperor Alexius in Constantinople 1. Feudal oaths and victory at Nicea C. Miracle at Dorylaeum 1. Visions of saintly knights

III. The Amazing First Crusade D. Siege at Antioch, Famine and death 2. Horses gone 3. Traitor gains Crusader victory a. Massacre b. New visions 4. Crusaders besieged a. Saved by Saints and Holy Lance

III. The Amazing First Crusade E. Jerusalem taken 1. Sense of holy war 2. Massacre of Jews and Muslims 3. Godfrey of Bouillon named ruler (Baldwin later made king)

IV. Crusading Orders A.Hospitallers of St. John B.Knights of the Temple (Templars) 1. Rule written by St. Bernard C. Teutonic Knights D. A revolution in religion: the fighting monk

V. Trends of Later Crusades A.The second crusade ( ) 1. St. Bernard preaches that fighting is a new part of God’s plan of salvation 2. French and German kings 3. Complete failure 1. The West now faces Jihad 1. Germans destroyed at Doryleum 2. French defeated at Damascus 4. Not practical enough? B. Third Crusade 1. Richard wins, but not Jerusalem C. Fourth Crusade runs amok.

VI. Legacy of the Crusades A.New European identity and spirit 1. Knighthood reshaped in the image of the church a. fighting becomes a means of grace 2. A new sort of hero (El Cid) B. Jews and Muslims become permanent enemies C. Crusading today

Crac des Chevaliers (12 th century Palestine)