2: Application Layer1 Chapter 2 outline r 2.1 Principles of app layer protocols m clients and servers m app requirements r 2.2 Web and HTTP r 2.3 FTP r 2.4 Electronic Mail m SMTP, POP3, IMAP r 2.5 DNS r 2.9 Content distribution m Network Web caching m Content distribution networks m P2P file sharing

2: Application Layer2 Electronic Mail Three major components: r user agents r mail servers r simple mail transfer protocol: SMTP User Agent r a.k.a. “mail reader” r composing, editing, reading mail messages r e.g., Eudora, Outlook, elm, Netscape Messenger r outgoing, incoming messages stored on server user mailbox outgoing message queue mail server user agent user agent user agent mail server user agent user agent mail server user agent SMTP

2: Application Layer3 Electronic Mail: mail servers Mail Servers r mailbox contains incoming messages for user r message queue of outgoing (to be sent) mail messages r SMTP protocol between mail servers to send messages m client: sending mail server m “server”: receiving mail server mail server user agent user agent user agent mail server user agent user agent mail server user agent SMTP

2: Application Layer4 Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821] r uses TCP to reliably transfer message from client to server, port 25 r direct transfer: sending server to receiving server r three phases of transfer m handshaking (greeting) m transfer of messages m closure r command/response interaction m commands: ASCII text m response: status code and phrase r messages must be in 7-bit ASCII

2: Application Layer5 Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob 1) Alice uses UA to compose message and “to” 2) Alice’s UA sends message to her mail server; message placed in message queue 3) Client side of SMTP opens TCP connection with Bob’s mail server 4) SMTP client sends Alice’s message over the TCP connection 5) Bob’s mail server places the message in Bob’s mailbox 6) Bob invokes his user agent to read message user agent mail server mail server user agent

2: Application Layer6 Sample SMTP interaction S: 220 hamburger.edu C: HELO crepes.fr S: 250 Hello crepes.fr, pleased to meet you C: MAIL FROM: S: 250 Sender ok C: RCPT TO: S: 250 Recipient ok C: DATA S: 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself C: Do you like ketchup? C: How about pickles? C:. S: 250 Message accepted for delivery C: QUIT S: 221 hamburger.edu closing connection

2: Application Layer7 Try SMTP interaction for yourself:  telnet servername 25 r see 220 reply from server r enter HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT commands above lets you send without using client (reader)

2: Application Layer8 SMTP: final words r SMTP uses persistent connections r SMTP requires message (header & body) to be in 7- bit ASCII  SMTP server uses CRLF.CRLF to determine end of message Comparison with HTTP: r HTTP: pull r SMTP: push r both have ASCII command/response interaction, status codes r HTTP: each object encapsulated in its own response msg r SMTP: multiple objects sent in multipart msg

2: Application Layer9 Mail message format SMTP: protocol for exchanging msgs RFC 822: standard for text message format: r header lines, e.g., m To: m From: m Subject: different from SMTP commands! r body m the “message”, ASCII characters only header body blank line

2: Application Layer10 Message format: multimedia extensions r MIME: multimedia mail extension, RFC 2045, 2056 r additional lines in msg header declare MIME content type From: To: Subject: Picture of yummy crepe. MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/jpeg base64 encoded data base64 encoded data multimedia data type, subtype, parameter declaration method used to encode data MIME version encoded data

2: Application Layer11 MIME types Content-Type: type/subtype; parameters Text  example subtypes: plain, html Image  example subtypes: jpeg, gif Audio  exampe subtypes: basic (8-bit mu-law encoded), 32kadpcm (32 kbps coding) Video  example subtypes: mpeg, quicktime Application r other data that must be processed by reader before “viewable”  example subtypes: msword, octet-stream

2: Application Layer12 Multipart Type From: To: Subject: Picture of yummy crepe. MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=StartOfNextPart --StartOfNextPart Dear Bob, Please find a picture of a crepe. --StartOfNextPart Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/jpeg base64 encoded data base64 encoded data --StartOfNextPart Do you want the reciple?

2: Application Layer13 Mail access protocols r SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s server r Mail access protocol: retrieval from server m POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939] authorization (agent server) and download m IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730] more features (more complex) manipulation of stored msgs on server m HTTP: Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc. user agent sender’s mail server user agent SMTP access protocol receiver’s mail server

2: Application Layer14 POP3 protocol authorization phase r client commands:  user: declare username  pass: password r server responses m +OK  -ERR transaction phase, client:  list: list message numbers  retr: retrieve message by number  dele: delete r quit C: list S: S: S:. C: retr 1 S: S:. C: dele 1 C: retr 2 S: S:. C: dele 2 C: quit S: +OK POP3 server signing off S: +OK POP3 server ready C: user bob S: +OK C: pass hungry S: +OK user successfully logged on

2: Application Layer15 POP3 (more) and IMAP More about POP3 r Previous example uses “download and delete” mode. r Bob cannot re-read e- mail if he changes client r “Download-and-keep”: copies of messages on different clients r POP3 is stateless across sessions IMAP r Keep all messages in one place: the server r Allows user to organize messages in folders r IMAP keeps user state across sessions: m names of folders and mappings between message IDs and folder name

2: Application Layer16 Chapter 2 outline r 2.1 Principles of app layer protocols m clients and servers m app requirements r 2.2 Web and HTTP r 2.3 FTP r 2.4 Electronic Mail m SMTP, POP3, IMAP r 2.5 DNS r 2.6 Socket programming with TCP r 2.7 Socket programming with UDP r 2.8 Building a Web server r 2.9 Content distribution m Network Web caching m Content distribution networks m P2P file sharing

2: Application Layer17 DNS: Domain Name System People: many identifiers: m SSN, name, passport # Internet hosts, routers: m IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing datagrams m “name”, e.g., gaia.cs.umass.edu - used by humans Q: map between IP addresses and name ? Domain Name System: r distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers r application-layer protocol host, routers, name servers to communicate to resolve names (address/name translation) m note: core Internet function, implemented as application-layer protocol m complexity at network’s “edge”

2: Application Layer18 DNS name servers r no server has all name- to-IP address mappings local name servers: m each ISP, company has local (default) name server m host DNS query first goes to local name server authoritative name server: m for a host: stores that host’s IP address, name m can perform name/address translation for that host’s name Why not centralize DNS? r single point of failure r traffic volume r distant centralized database r maintenance doesn’t scale!

2: Application Layer19 DNS: Root name servers r contacted by local name server that can not resolve name r root name server: m contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known m gets mapping m returns mapping to local name server b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Marina del Rey, CA e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA i NORDUnet Stockholm k RIPE London m WIDE Tokyo a NSI Herndon, VA c PSInet Herndon, VA d U Maryland College Park, MD g DISA Vienna, VA h ARL Aberdeen, MD j NSI (TBD) Herndon, VA 13 root name servers worldwide

2: Application Layer20 Simple DNS example host surf.eurecom.fr wants IP address of gaia.cs.umass.edu 1. contacts its local DNS server, dns.eurecom.fr 2. dns.eurecom.fr contacts root name server, if necessary 3. root name server contacts authoritative name server, dns.umass.edu, if necessary requesting host surf.eurecom.fr gaia.cs.umass.edu root name server authorititive name server dns.umass.edu local name server dns.eurecom.fr

2: Application Layer21 DNS example Root name server: r may not know authoritative name server r may know intermediate name server: who to contact to find authoritative name server requesting host surf.eurecom.fr gaia.cs.umass.edu root name server local name server dns.eurecom.fr authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 7 8

2: Application Layer22 DNS: iterated queries recursive query: r puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server r heavy load? iterated query: r contacted server replies with name of server to contact r “I don’t know this name, but ask this server” requesting host surf.eurecom.fr gaia.cs.umass.edu root name server local name server dns.eurecom.fr authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 7 8 iterated query

2: Application Layer23 DNS: caching and updating records r once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping m cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time r update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF m RFC 2136 m

2: Application Layer24 DNS records DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR) r Type=NS  name is domain (e.g. foo.com)  value is IP address of authoritative name server for this domain RR format: (name, value, type,ttl) r Type=A  name is hostname  value is IP address r Type=CNAME  name is alias name for some “cannonical” (the real) name is really servereast.backup2.ibm.com  value is cannonical name r Type=MX  value is name of mailserver associated with name

2: Application Layer25 DNS protocol, messages DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with same message format msg header r identification: 16 bit # for query, reply to query uses same # r flags: m query or reply m recursion desired m recursion available m reply is authoritative

2: Application Layer26 DNS protocol, messages Name, type fields for a query RRs in reponse to query records for authoritative servers additional “helpful” info that may be used

2: Application Layer27 Chapter 2 outline r 2.1 Principles of app layer protocols m clients and servers m app requirements r 2.2 Web and HTTP r 2.3 FTP r 2.4 Electronic Mail m SMTP, POP3, IMAP r 2.5 DNS r 2.6 Socket programming with TCP r 2.7 Socket programming with UDP r 2.8 Building a Web server r 2.9 Content distribution m Network Web caching m Content distribution networks m P2P file sharing

2: Application Layer28 Web caches (proxy server) r user sets browser: Web accesses via cache r browser sends all HTTP requests to cache m object in cache: cache returns object m else cache requests object from origin server, then returns object to client Goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server client Proxy server client HTTP request HTTP response HTTP request HTTP response origin server origin server

2: Application Layer29 More about Web caching r Cache acts as both client and server  Cache can do up-to-date check using If-modified- since HTTP header m Issue: should cache take risk and deliver cached object without checking? m Heuristics are used. r Typically cache is installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP) Why Web caching? r Reduce response time for client request. r Reduce traffic on an institution’s access link. r Internet dense with caches enables “poor” content providers to effectively deliver content

2: Application Layer30 Caching example (1) Assumptions r average object size = 100,000 bits r avg. request rate from institution’s browser to origin serves = 15/sec r delay from institutional router to any origin server and back to router = 2 sec Consequences r utilization on LAN = 15% r utilization on access link = 100% r total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes + milliseconds origin servers public Internet institutional network 10 Mbps LAN 1.5 Mbps access link institutional cache

2: Application Layer31 Caching example (2) Possible solution r increase bandwidth of access link to, say, 10 Mbps Consequences r utilization on LAN = 15% r utilization on access link = 15% r Total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + msecs + msecs r often a costly upgrade origin servers public Internet institutional network 10 Mbps LAN 10 Mbps access link institutional cache

2: Application Layer32 Caching example (3) Install cache r suppose hit rate is.4 Consequence r 40% requests will be satisfied almost immediately r 60% requests satisfied by origin server r utilization of access link reduced to 60%, resulting in negligible delays (say 10 msec) r total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay =.6*2 sec +.4*.01 secs + milliseconds < 1.3 secs origin servers public Internet institutional network 10 Mbps LAN 1.5 Mbps access link institutional cache

2: Application Layer33 Content distribution networks (CDNs) r The content providers are the CDN customers. Content replication r CDN company installs hundreds of CDN servers throughout Internet m in lower-tier ISPs, close to users r CDN replicates its customers’ content in CDN servers. When provider updates content, CDN updates servers origin server in North America CDN distribution node CDN server in S. America CDN server in Europe CDN server in Asia

2: Application Layer34 CDN example origin server r r distributes HTML r Replaces: with h ttp:// HTTP request for DNS query for HTTP request for Origin server CDNs authoritative DNS server Nearby CDN server CDN company r cdn.com r distributes gif files r uses its authoritative DNS server to route redirect requests

2: Application Layer35 More about CDNs routing requests r CDN creates a “map”, indicating distances from leaf ISPs and CDN nodes r when query arrives at authoritative DNS server: m server determines ISP from which query originates m uses “map” to determine best CDN server not just Web pages r streaming stored audio/video r streaming real-time audio/video m CDN nodes create application-layer overlay network

2: Application Layer36 P2P file sharing Example r Alice runs P2P client application on her notebook computer r Intermittently connects to Internet; gets new IP address for each connection r Asks for “Hey Jude” r Application displays other peers that have copy of Hey Jude. r Alice chooses one of the peers, Bob. r File is copied from Bob’s PC to Alice’s notebook: HTTP r While Alice downloads, other users uploading from Alice. r Alice’s peer is both a Web client and a transient Web server. All peers are servers = highly scalable!

2: Application Layer37 P2P: centralized directory original “Napster” design 1) when peer connects, it informs central server: m IP address m content 2) Alice queries for “Hey Jude” 3) Alice requests file from Bob centralized directory server peers Alice Bob

2: Application Layer38 P2P: problems with centralized directory r Single point of failure r Performance bottleneck r Copyright infringement file transfer is decentralized, but locating content is highly decentralized

2: Application Layer39 P2P: decentralized directory r Each peer is either a group leader or assigned to a group leader. r Group leader tracks the content in all its children. r Peer queries group leader; group leader may query other group leaders.

2: Application Layer40 More about decentralized directory overlay network r peers are nodes r edges between peers and their group leaders r edges between some pairs of group leaders r virtual neighbors bootstrap node r connecting peer is either assigned to a group leader or designated as leader advantages of approach r no centralized directory server m location service distributed over peers m more difficult to shut down disadvantages of approach r bootstrap node needed r group leaders can get overloaded

2: Application Layer41 P2P: Query flooding r Gnutella r no hierarchy r use bootstrap node to learn about others r join message r Send query to neighbors r Neighbors forward query r If queried peer has object, it sends message back to querying peer join

2: Application Layer42 P2P: more on query flooding Pros r peers have similar responsibilities: no group leaders r highly decentralized r no peer maintains directory info Cons r excessive query traffic r query radius: may not have content when present r bootstrap node r maintenance of overlay network

2: Application Layer43 Chapter 2: Summary r application service requirements: m reliability, bandwidth, delay r client-server paradigm r Internet transport service model m connection-oriented, reliable: TCP m unreliable, datagrams: UDP Our study of network apps now complete! r specific protocols: m HTTP m FTP m SMTP, POP, IMAP m DNS r content distribution m caches, CDNs m P2P

2: Application Layer44 Chapter 2: Summary r typical request/reply message exchange: m client requests info or service m server responds with data, status code r message formats: m headers: fields giving info about data m data: info being communicated Most importantly: learned about protocols r control vs. data msgs m in-band, out-of-band r centralized vs. decentralized r stateless vs. stateful r reliable vs. unreliable msg transfer r “complexity at network edge” r security: authentication