Census interaction data: from CIDS to CIDER Census interaction data: from CIDS to CIDER John Stillwell School of Geography, University of Leeds, CIDS Director and UPTAP Coordinator Third International Conference on Population Geographies organised by the RGS-IBG Population Geography Research Group at the University of Liverpool, June 2006

CIDS Census Interaction Data Service ESRC/JISC funded Data Support Unit under the Census Programme Provides registered users throughout the UK with access to census origin-destination migration and commuting statistics Overall aim is to encourage more use to be made of these data sets Web-based Interface to Census Interaction Data (WICID) is the online access system

Presentation 1 Introduction Census interaction data Developments from 1991 CIDS data holdings 2 WICID: How does it work? Building queries Analysis tools 3 From CIDS to CIDER CIDS useage CIDER objectives 4 UPTAP Overview

1 Introduction: Census interaction data 1 Introduction: Census interaction data SMS/SWS/STS involve migration and commuting flow data involving two geographies: origins and destinations Extremely rich data sets for use by researchers and practitioners Especially valuable because of lack of alternative data sources, especially below district scale Territorially comprehensive and reasonably reliable Tell us many things about mobility patterns, place connectivity and behavioural processes

Example: Patterns of net migration for London boroughs, Aggregate rates of net migration show losses from all but three boroughs (& City of London) Source: 2001 Census SMS level 1

The importance of disaggregating net migration for London boroughs, Net rates of migration for boroughs with the rest of GB Net rates of migration for boroughs within London Source: 2001 Census SMS level 1

Developments from 1991 Developments from 1991 Coverage of whole UK (for most interaction data) 100% data for all interaction data including SWS Data on journey to place of study in Scotland (STS) Student migration to, at and from university Richer data: more tables and detail within tables Additional sets of tables at ‘output area’ level Imputation of missing data on workplace and migrants’ origins (if not stated and not ‘no usual address 1 yr ago’ New concept of ‘moving groups’ in SMS Different approach to disclosure control

In comparison with 1991 Census, there are a similar number of tables but: (1) considerably more counts in 2001, (2) all the counts are 100% in 2001, (3) OA level Data sets Level 1 (District) Level 2 (Ward) Level 3 (OA) 2001 SMS 10 tables, 996 counts 5 tables, 96 counts 1 table, 12 counts 1991 SMS 11 tables, 94 counts 2 tables, 12 counts SWS 7 tables, 936 counts 6 tables, 354 counts 1 table, 36 counts 1991 SWS* -Set C: 9 tables, 274 counts STS 7 tables, 1,176 counts 6 tables, 478 counts 1 table, 50 counts * 10% sample

Geographical units used in 2001 SMS/SWS/STS CountryLevel 1Level 2Level 3 EnglandLondon Boroughs (33), Metropolitan Districts (36), Unitary Authorities (46), Other Local Authorities (239) CAS wards (7,969) Output areas (165,665) WalesUnitary Authorities (22)CAS wards ( 881)Output areas (9,769) ScotlandCouncil Areas (32)ST wards ( 1,176)Output areas (42,604) Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies (18) CAS wards (582 )Output areas (5,022) TotalDistricts (426)Interaction wards (10,608) Output areas (223,060)

Adjustment for disclosure control in 2001 Various methods used by ONS in 2001 –minimum thresholds of people and households before the release of data –record swapping between areas –small cell adjustment method (SCAM) SCAM assumed to adjust values of 1 and 2 to values of 0 and 3 Significant impact on flows, especially at OA level

How many UK internal migrants? Seven different counts of total migration in 2001 SMS for period: Level from which total derived Table Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Table 1 (Total): 6,202,016 6,267,740 6,164,996 Table 2 (Family status): 6,204,876 na na Table 3 (Ethnicity): 6,206,216 6,190,926 na Table 4 (LTL illness): 6,205,128 na na Source: 2001 Census SMS tables

CIDS interaction data holdings TypeMigrationCommuting 2001 RawSMS (Levels 1, 2, 3)SWS, STS (Levels 1, 2, 3) 1991 RawSMS (Sets 1 and 2), Table 100SWS (Sets A, B, C) DerivedMIGPOP, SMSGAPS DerivedSMS Set 1 for 2001 areasSWS Set C for 2001 areas 1981 RawSMS Set 2 (County and region)SWS Set C (County and region) DerivedSMS Set 2 for 2001 areasSWS Set C for 2001 areas DerivedSMS Set 2 for 1991 areasSWS Set C for 1991 areas

2 WICID CIDS homepage:

WICID home page

WICID general query interface See paper in Environment and Planning A (2003) for further details

Selection of origins or destinations Selection of origins or destinations When choosing origins or destinations, users are confronted with a set of alternative selection tools

Map selection window in WICID WICID uses Post GIS extended PostgresSQL database and MapServer library components

Example of a query: to select flows to City of London from districts in SE and other regions

Analytical Tools Some basic statistics Suite of indicators Some of which require additional data: e.g. distances populations at risk Assembly of PARs is currently underway for 2001 data sets: needs specially commissioned counts for some variables

Migration effectiveness by ethnic group for regions,

Connectivity of London boroughs by ethnic group Source: 2001 Census SMS and SWS level 1 Out-migration In-commuting

3 From CIDS to CIDER (Centre for Interaction Data Estimation and Research CIDS useage statistics

Objectives of CIDER To continue delivery of a high quality service To redesign WICID database structure and develop user interface To gather/estimate further UK census-based data sets (e.g. commissioned tables, SOA-SOA flows) To expand WICID to include UK non-census data sets (e.g. from NHSCR, patient registers, HESA) To provide training, to upgrade documentation and to disseminate To advise on 2011 Census and prepare for inclusion of interaction data sets in WICID

Acknowledgement Acknowledgement CIDS is funded by the ESRC/JISC under Census Programme Research Grant H CIDER is funded by the ESRC under Census Programme Research Grant RES

4 UPTAP: Overview

Primary aims of UPTAP To build capacity in secondary data analysis To promote the use of large-scale social science data sets, both qualitative and quantitative To improve our understanding of demographic trends and processes which affect society and the population

To build capacity in secondary data analysis amongst new and mid-career researchers To spread knowledge and use of secondary analysis through and beyond the social science community To add value to the ESRC investments in the collection, preservation and promotion of large- scale national data sets by encouraging their use and exploitation in the longer term, to maximize the knowledge gained about economic and social change from secondary data analysis Principal objectives of UPTAP

ESRC National centre for Research Methods (NCRM) ESRC Research Methods Programme ESRC Researcher Development Initiative ESRC Census Programme ESRC National Centre for e-Social Science (NCeSS) Other ESRC initiatives

4 Postdoctoral Fellowships 7 Mid-career Research Fellowships (including 1 User Fellowship) 7 Small Research Grants 3 larger capacity building projects (with linked studentships) In total, 21 projects involving 31 researchers Initial UPTAP awards

THEMES Demographic change - Residential change Fertility - Motherhood - Childlessness Living arrangements - Childcare Cohabitation - Mobility Health - Wellbeing - Employment Education Identity - Ethnicity - Segregation Social and political values

1 October 2005 Saffron Karlsen and James Nazroo: Being a Muslim in Europe: attitudes and experiences Yaojun Li and Anthony Heath: Socio-economic position and political support of the BMEs in Britain Paul Norman: The micro-geography of demographic change November 2005 Roona Simpson: Delayed childbearing and childlessness in Britain : the 1958 and 1970 cohorts compared Eric Kaufman: A dying creed? The demographic contradictions of liberal capitalism Those projects underway in 2005

Those projects commencing on 1 Jan 2006 Ernestina Coast: Currently cohabiting: relationship attitudes, intentions and behaviour Shu-Li Cheng: The impact of educational qualifications on trends in leisure activities Dan Vickers: The changing residential patterns of the UK Dimitris Ballas: Exploring geographies of happiness and well-being in Britain Daniel Guinea-Martin: Trends in gender and ethnic occupational segregation in England and Wales: longitudinal evidence Kirstine Hansen, Heather Joshi and Denise Hawkes: Motherhood and child outcomes: the consequences of the timing of motherhood and mothers' employment on child outcomes Sarah Smith, Anita Ratcliffe and Mike Brewer: Understanding the effect of public policy on fertility; secondary data analysis Harriet Young and Emily Grundy: Living arrangements, health and well- being: a European perspective

Those projects commencing in last 6 months 1 February 2006 Paula Surridge: The making of social values: social attitudes and social change 1 March 2006 Patrick Sturgis and Nick Allum: Social and political trust: a longitudinal and comparative perspective 1 June 2006 Paul Boyle, Vernon Gayle, Elspeth Graham and Ali Zohoor: Does stepparenting influence mental health?

1 August 2006 Alison Smith: Intergenerational contributions to childcare across Europe Oliver Duke-Williams: Links between internal migration, commuting and inter-household relationships 1 October 2006 Michelle Jackson: Investigating inequalities in educational attainment Gopalakrishnan Netuveli: Treating longitudinal data as longitudinal: comparing models to describe employment status and health trajectories in British Household Panel Survey 1 May 2007 Claudia Thomas: How does employment affect cardiovascular risk? A life-course approach in the 1958 cohort Those projects yet to commence

UPTAP web site: