Visual Simulation of Smoke SIGGRAPH’01 Ronald Fedkiw, Jos Stam and Henrik Wann Jensen Stanford University & Alias|wavefront
Outline Introduction Previous Work The Equations of Fluid Flow Self-Advection by Semi-Lagrangian Numerical Dissipation Results
Introduction Ideally Looks good Fast simulation Looks good? Needs to look plausible Doesn’t need to be exactly correct doesn’t suffer from excessive numerical dissipation
Previous Work Kajiya and Von Herzen (SIGGRAPH 84) N. Foster and D. Metaxas (SIGGRAPH 97) Improve Stam’99 (Stable Fluids) Handle moving boundaries Reduce numerical dissipation Add high quality volume rendering Method still fast but looks more “smoke-like”
The Equations of Fluid Flow Review: Navier-Stokes Equations
Incompressible Euler Equations self-advectionforces incompressible (Navier-Stokes without viscosity) Fluid velocity: u=
Gradient Implement
Additional Equations Density Temperature Buoyancy force
Algorithm t=0t = t + dt add forces self-advection project Helmholtz-Hodge Decomposition
Self-Advection tt+dt Semi-Lagrangian solver (Courant, Issacson & Rees 1952)
Semi- Lagrangian The semi-Lagrangian integrator itself is broken down into three main parts 1. Vector field extraction 2. Particle tracing 3. Interpolation
Self-Advection tt+dt Semi-Lagrangian solver (Courant, Isaacson & Rees 1952)
Self-Advection tt+dt For each u-component…
Self-Advection tt+dt For each u-component…
Self-Advection tt+dt Set interpolated value in new grid
Self-Advection Repeat for all u-nodes
Self-Advection Repeat for all v-nodes
Numerical Dissipation ‘Stable Fluids’ method dampens the flow Typical with semi- Lagrangian methods Improve using “Vorticity Confinement” force
Vorticity Confinement Basic idea: Add energy lost as an external force Use “Vorticity Confinement” force invented by John Steinhoff 1994
Vorticity Confinement : vorticity
Vorticity Confinement Vorticity location vector : Normalized vorticity Location vector : N
Vorticity Confinement Spatial discretization: h
Total Forces User supplied fields Buoyancy force New confinement force
Results
Any Problem ?