1 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS The 4 main areas of study are: THE KNOWN BASICS, RESEARCH, PROGRAMMING, CONCEPTS, PREDESIGN SUMMARY THE UNKNOWN SKETCHING, MODELING, CREATIVITY AND REFINMENT RETURN TO THE KNOWN COMPLETION, THE PRESENTATION ENVIRONMENT, POSTDESIGN MONOGRAPHS/INTERVIEWS/CASE STUDIES LOOKING, TALKING, ASKING THOSE WHO HAVE GONE BEFORE

2 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS THE KNOWN As soon as we question how buildings and spaces are created, we begin the ongoing process of assimilating, modifying, and reinventing our base of practical knowledge This experience takes many guises. Each person takes varied routes with divergent goals.

3 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS The base of design knowledge resides in an understanding of how to build, as well as a method of understanding how buildings are used The techniques for gathering information, ideas etc and turning them into knowledge are critically important to design quality and effective design process

4 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS BASICS Enclosure summarizes the result of any design effort The creation of shelter embraces the complete range of elements making up any building in three dimensions By creating a structure separatin outside from inside, the designer has exercised his or her craft

5 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS STRUCTURE All buildings incorporate structure in one form or another Skeleton, curtain and bearing wall construction are the main types in use Four major type of structural materials are easily procured: Wood, Steel, Masonry, and Concrete

6 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses Designers need a basic understanding about each option to make informed choices Examples Wood is easy to fabricate and generally inexpensive However strength varies enormously from species to species and type to type, age, what part of tree wood comes from etc

7 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS Steel is the single strongest material used in construction. Its combination of tensile and compressive strength is unsurpassed by any other material commonly used in buildings However, steel is dificult to fabricate without expensive tools and requires specialized knowledge for its structural design Masonry’s major strengths are its nearly unlimited variety as a material and enormous compressive strength But its bad in tension

8 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS Concrete is an marvellous invention and like masonry, possesses great compressive strength along with the ability to be formed into nearly any shape Compressive strength varies depending on composition of the mix, and weather conditions during placement Reinforced concrete combines steel bars and plastic concrete to harness steel’s tensile strenght with concrete’s compressive character A combination that’s created magnificent structures and provides unparalleled fire resistance

9 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS The design of reinforced concrete is a complex discipline and requires extensive specialist study Basic materials are most often combined into systems such as wood trusses or glue laminated beams, columns and bents Material systems accomplish greater spans, improve economy, shorten construction time, and improve quality control

10 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS The Designer must not only understand basic materials, but the various material systems choices on offer as THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS begins Its important to grasp that certain materials and material systems predominate in specific building types

11 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS Economics is the driver for this trend more often than not Examples Wood- Framing and trusses Steel/concrete- Office buildings Concrete- Parking structures

12 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS Real CLIENTS with hard currency affect basic choices about the components used in a building The predominant scenario for considering costs most often focuses on First cost, followed by Life cycle costs, and more and more Environmental costs These 3 types of cost are manifestations of Energy expended (labour and material = money = energy) over time

13 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS FIRST COST = money spent directly for construction LIFE CYCLE = monies expended over the COST life of the building in upkeep and maintenance ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS= extends the reach of cost analysis beyond buildings lifetime

14 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS Time prior to construction and after demolition plus what happens during a building’s useful life The analysis considers energy expended and the volume of waste created at each stage of a material’s life, including initial mining or extraction, transport, refining, subsequent transport, installation, use, and demolition for salvage for reuse

15 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS Some practitioners have started to analyze the effect of materials extraction on the biome of its origin One of the prime goals of environmental cost analysis is to lay the groundwork for sustainalble building practices Environmental cost research on any large scale is a relatively new line of inquiry

16 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS Good sources may be found through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and publications like the American Institue of Architects’ Environmental Resource Guide

17 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS SUMMARY Effective Designers have to have an understanding of the nature of materials, how they can be used in a material assembly, the characteristics of such assemblys’ and cost implications for each

18 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS SCENARIO EDUCATION FOCUS’S ON CREATIVITY IN PRACTICE COST WILL OFTEN BE THE OVERRIDING ISSUE IN THE CLIENT’S MIND WORST CASE SCENARIO IS CLIENT ONLY CONCERNED WITH FIRST COST BEST CASE SCENARIO IS A CLIENT WILLING TO TAKE ALL THREE TYPES OF COST INTO ACCOUNT

19 THE DESIGN PROCESS 1 - BASICS The building’s structure/enclosure is often the most expensive single component of a completed project A departure from a structural system that’s appropriate, tried and tested and in widespread use, should be researchedd, verified and developed before it sees the light of day

20

21

22

23

24