Sources of Pollutants Point Source Nonpoint Source

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Presentation transcript:

Sources of Pollutants Point Source Nonpoint Source Specific location of concentrated pollutants Factory Waste, Sewage Nonpoint Source Scattered or diffuse sources of pollutants Golf courses, Air-borne, Agriculture

Major Types of Ocean Pollution Oil Pollution Toxic Materials Sewage and Eutrophication Garbage Radioactive Waste

Oil Pollution (Courtesy of NOAA)

Global Oil Pollution

Oil Pollution Sources Runoff: 363 million gallons/year Maintenance: 137 million gallons/year Air Pollution: 92 million gallons/year Natural Seeps: 62 million gallons/year Big Spills: 37 million gallons/year Offshore Drilling: 15 million gallons/year

Effects of Oil Pollution Kills marine animals Destroys insulation Death through ingestion Damages ecosystems Destroys coastal flora and fauna Devastates local economies

Toxic Materials (Courtesy of Student Environmental Action Coalition)

Toxic Materials Heavy Metals Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium Dioxin, PCBs, PAHs Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Dioxin Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Toxic Materials Sources Effects Factory Waste Agriculture Air Pollution Effects Destroy immune function Leads to cancer and other diseases Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation Top predators, such as orcas and tuna can have extremely high levels of toxics

Sewage and Eutrophication (photo: Gordon Dalzell)

Sewage and Eutrophication Sources Cities dump sewage, treated or untreated into ocean Large vessels, such as cruise ships Can dump in pristine areas such as Southeast Alaska

Sewage and Eutrophication Effects Eutrophication: nutrients in sewage cause algae blooms Decomposition of dying bloom uses up oxygen Lack of oxygen kills animals such as fish Introduces pathogens Pathogens in human waste enter food web Can infect people who eat the seafood

Garbage

Garbage Sources Unregulated dumping Ships Coastal Communities 14 Billion pounds of garbage are dumped in the ocean each year

Garbage Effects Marine animals Fouls ship motors and marine machinery Become ensnared and die Ingest garbage and die Fouls ship motors and marine machinery

Radioactive Waste

Radioactive Waste Sources Effects Dumping at sea is banned Discharge from coastal facilities Effects At sea: not well known On land: causes birth defects and cancer such as leukemia

Global Treaties on Ocean Pollution 1972: The London Convention 1973: MARPOL 1982: UNCLOS 1995: GPA

1972: The London Convention Purpose: control all sources of marine pollution and prevent pollution of the sea through regulation of dumping into the sea of waste materials. www.londonconvention.org

1972: The London Convention Black and Grey List Approach Blacklist items were prohibited Mercury, Cadmium, Persistent Plastics, Oil, Radioactive Waste, Organohalogens Grey list items required a permit Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Cyanide, Fluorides, Pesticides and Scrap Metal Banned most ocean dumping of waste produced on land

1973: MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from only from ships Regulated pollutants that come from ships Oil, Noxious Liquids, Sewage, Garbage, Ship Air Pollution

1982: UNCOLS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm Globally recognized regime dealing with all matters relating to the Law of the Sea

1982: UNCOLS Key Points 12-mile territorial sea around all coastal states Allows for “Transit Passage” of foreign ships through territorial seas Creates Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) Coastal states have 200 mile jurisdiction

1995: GPA Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities www.gpa.unep.org Aims to prevent the degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities

1995: GPA Recommendations Identify and assess problems related to Food Security and Poverty Public Health Coastal Ecosystem Health and Biodiversity Economic and Social Benefits Physical Alteration

1995: GPA Recommendations Identify Sources of Degradation Coastal and Upstream Point Sources Coastal and Upstream Non-Point Sources Atmospheric Deposition Establish Priorities for Action Set Objectives for Priority Problems Determine Strategies to Achieve Objectives