1 Extended Learning Module A Computer Hardware and Software

2 Introduction Information technology (IT) – computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization. Hardware – the ______ ________ that make up a computer. Software – the set of _________ that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you.

3 A Quick Tour of Technology Six categories of hardware 1. _______ device - 2. _______ device - 3. Storage device 4. Central processing unit (CPU) RAM, or random access memory, 5. __________ device - 6. Connecting device –

4 Trends in Computer System Capabilities First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Vacuum Tubes Vacuum Tubes Solid-State Integrated Circuits Integrated Circuits LSI, VLSI Micro- processors LSI, VLSI Micro- processors Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

5 Categories of Computers By Size _______________ – a small hand-held computer that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address book. _______________ ______________ - a fully functional computer designed to be carried around and run on battery power. ______________ Desktop computer - the most popular choice for personal computing needs.

6 Categories of Computers By Size Minicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Supercomputers

7 A Quick Tour of Technology Software types include: Application software - solves specific problems or perform specific tasks. System software - handles tasks specific to technology management. Operating system software - controls application software and manages hardware devices. Utility software - provides additional functionality to the operating system.

8 Trends in Computer Software First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation User-Written Programs Machine Languages Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages Operating Systems High-Level Languages DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools

9 Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Application software is used to meet specific information-processing needs, including such things as: Payroll Customer relationship management Project management Training Word processing and many others.

10 Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Personal productivity software - performs personal tasks, including such things as creating: Memos Graphs Slide presentations Team Work Buying Personal Productivity Software Suites (p. 49)

11 Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Word processing – Spreadsheet – Presentation – Desktop publishing Personal information management (PIM) – Web authoring – Graphics – Communications Database management system (DBMS) Personal finance.

12 Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software ___________ market software Horizontal __________ software

13 Software: Your Intellectual Interface System Software Operating system software - controls application software and manages how hardware devices work together. __________- allows you to work with more than one piece of software at a time. Utility software - adds additional functionality to the operating system. _____________ - utility software that scans for and often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices.

14 Software: Your Intellectual Interface System Software Uninstaller software – utility software that removes software from your hard disk. Disk optimization software – utility software that organizes information on your hard disk.

15 Software: Your Intellectual Interface Personal Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro Microsoft Windows 2000 Me Microsoft Windows XP Home Microsoft Windows XP Pro Mac OS. Linux –

16 Top 10 Signs You Need a New Computer 10. That burning smell whenever you boot up. 9. Can't find replacement vacuum tubes. 8. Te damnd kybrd dosnt wrk. 7. You have so little memory your computer forgets everything you type in. 6. You don't "surf" the Web, you drown. 5. Your favourite punch-card outlet just went out of business. 4. You keep getting calls from the curator at the Smithsonian. 3. Your computer crashes every time you sneeze. 2. You're still using 5.25" floppy disks for mass storage. 1. Your cell phone can play better games than your PC.

17 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Input Devices Keyboard Trackball Point-of-sale (POS) Pointing stick Microphone Touchpad Mouse Bar code reader Touch screen Optical mark recognition (OMR) Scanner

18 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Output Devices CRTs Flat-panel displays –. Resolution of a screen– Dot pitch

19 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Output Devices Resolution of a printer - the number of dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is the same principle as the resolution in monitors.

20 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Output Devices Inkjet printers – make images by forcing ink droplets through nozzles. Laser printers – form images using an electrostatic process. Multifunction printers – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print.

21 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Characteristics of CPUs and RAM Central processing unit (CPU) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. RAM, or random access memory, - temporary storage that holds the information, the application software, and the operating system software.

22 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Characteristics of CPUs and RAM CPU speeds CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software instructions. More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.) Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second. Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second.

23 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Characteristics of CPUs and RAM RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.

24 Moore’s Law

25 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Storage Devices Storage device capacities are measured in terms of bytes. Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) – is roughly 1 million bytes. Gigabyte (GB or Gig) - roughly 1 billion characters. Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes.

26 Storage Trends First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Magnetic Drum Magnetic Drum Magnetic Core Magnetic Core Magnetic Core Magnetic Core LSI Semiconductor Memory Chips LSI Semiconductor Memory Chips VLSI Semiconductor Memory Chips VLSI Semiconductor Memory Chips Trend : Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape Optical Disk Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Disk Primary Storage Primary Storage Secondary Storage Secondary Storage

27 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Storage Devices Floppy disk High-capacity floppy disk Hard disk CD-ROM CD-R (compact disc – recordable) CD-RW (compact disc – rewritable) DVD-ROM – DVD-R – DVD-RW, or DVD-RAM, or DVD+RW

28 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Telecommunications Devices

29 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Telecommunications Devices Types of modems include: Telephone modem Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem Cable modem Satellite modem Module E covers these in more detail.

30 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Telecommunications Devices Communication software includes: Connectivity software – enables you to use your computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer. Web browser software – enables you to surf the Web. software – enables you to electronically communicate with other people by sending and receiving .

31 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices

32 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices Different hardware devices require different kinds of ports and connectors. _________- the plug-ins found on the outside of your system box (usually in the back) into which you plug a connector.

33 Hardware: Your Physical Interface Ports __________ port Serial port ____ port Keyboard and mouse ports