Four Basic Geological Processes Impact cratering –Impacts by asteroids or comets Volcanism –Eruption of molten rock onto surface Tectonics –Disruption.

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Presentation transcript:

Four Basic Geological Processes Impact cratering –Impacts by asteroids or comets Volcanism –Eruption of molten rock onto surface Tectonics –Disruption of a planet’s surface by internal stresses Erosion –Surface changes made by wind, water, or ice

Impact Cratering High kinetic energy of impacting object  Excavation  Heat Shape round for all impact directions

Crater Morphology: Impactor in the inner solar system can have 10s of km/sec relative velocity May vaporize or liquefy a significant amount of the target for a large impactor “Simple” craters are bowl shaped “Complex” craters are flatter, and have a central uplift or peak

Meteor Crater (Arizona) Tycho (Moon) Impact Craters

The Impact Process 1.Detonation - shockwave propagates through target, projectile vaporized 2.Excavation - target is heated, vaporized, liquified, solid material is ejected (possibly above escape velocity!) 3.Rebound - in larger craters, the target may “bounce back” viscously, forming a central uplift 4.Relaxation - crater walls subside, melt pools in the crater

Few Hundred Confirmed Craters on Earth

Meteor Crater

Manicouigan Crater

Moon Near Side

Moon Far Side

Lunar Highlands

Mare Imbrium Lunar Mare

Crater modification

Mars Rampart Crater 3

Venus Craters 1

Ganymede Crater Chain

Shoemaker-Levy 9

SL-9 Aftermath

Hyperion

Mercury - lots of craters, little volcanism Venus completely re-surfaced by volcanism ~600 MY ago Earth - heavily re-worked surface Moon - volcanism stopped 3.2 BYago Lots of craters Mars - some volcanism, south heavily cratered Terrestrial Planets

Processes that HEAT planets

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