1 Medical Terminology Cardiovascular System Chapter 9

2 Anatomy and Physiology n pump and delivery system n supply trillions of cells with oxygen and other nutrients vital for survival n transport cellular waste to appropriate organs for removal

3 Structures n heart - pump n vessels - container n blood - liquid

4 The Heart n hollow muscular organ (cardiac muscle) n pump to circulate blood n blood to oxygenate cells and remove waste products n Cardi/o - heart

5 Location and Protection n located between the lungs and above the diaphragm n Pericardium n Pericardial Fluid n Epicardium n Myocardium n Endocardium

6 n Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries angi/o and vas/o n arteries - carry blood away from heart, usually oxygenated blood n veins - carry blood to the heart, usually deoxygenated blood Blood Vessels

7 Arteries n arteri/o n blood propelled by heart n arteries are thick with three layers n pulse-surge of blood n oxygenated blood - bright red n arteries to arterioles to capillaries n endarterial - pertaining to the interior wall of an artery

8 Capillaries n system of microscopic vessels n one epithelial cell thick n anatomic units connect arterial/venous systems n blood flow much slower through capillaries to allow for exchange n blood cells travel in single file

9 Veins n low-pressure collecting system n ven/o and phleb/o n venules - small veins n veins have valves n deoxygenated blood n venae cavae - venous blood to Right Atrium

10 Heart n Endocardium - serous membrane lining n myocardium - muscle layer n epicardium - outermost layer n pericardium - sac containing the heart

11 Heart Chambers Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Apex

12 Internal Heart Chambers

13 Heart Valves Apex Left Right Tricuspid Mitral Pulmonary Artery Aorta Vena Cava Pulmonary Veins

14 Blood Supply to Heart n Coronary Artery System –right coronary –left coronary »left anterior descending »circumflex

15 n Systemic Circulation –All parts of body except lungs n Pulmonary Circulation –pulmonary arterial system

16 Conduction System 1-SA Node (Pacemaker) 2-AV Node 3-Bundle of His 4-Perkinje fibers

17 Normal Sinus Rhythm

18 Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias n palpitation n fibrillation n atrial fibrillation n ventricular fibrillation n bradycardia n tachycardia

19 Pulse n pulse-rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure of blood moving though the artery

20 Blood Pressure n Measurement of amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. n Systolic - highest pressure result of ventricular contraction n Diastolic - lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed

21 Terms n Combining Forms n Suffixes n Prefixes

22 Pathology of the Cardiovascular system

23 Atherosclerosis n Atheromas accumulate in the tunica intima n scleroses n hypercholesterolemia n lumen n ischemia n thrombosis, embolus n occlusion n aneurysm

24 Aneurysm A localized balloon- like enlargement of an artery.

25 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) n Diseases of coronary circulation n atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and sudden death n myocardial ischemia –angina, dyspnea n myocardial infarction –diaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea

26 Procedures Opening Blocked Arteries n Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) n Carotid endarterectomy n Coronary artery bypass surgery –revascularization

27 Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD n cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart n caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary artery n Ischemia - deficiency of blood supply

28 Congestive Heart Failure n Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy. n Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently results in volume overload, chamber dilatation, and elevated intracardial pressure. n Retrograde transmission of increased hydrostatic pressure from the left heart causes pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart pressure causes systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

29 Forms of Carditis n Carditis - inflammation of the heart n Pericarditis - inflammation of pericardium n Myocarditis - inflammation of myocardium n Endocarditis - inflammation of inner layer of the heart

30 Infective Endocarditis n Thrombi n vegetations n regurgitation of blood n stenosis n insufficiency n valvotomy, commissurotomy n prophylactic antibiotic treatment

31 Varicose Veins n Incompetent valves –esophageal varices –anal hemorrhoids –legs n Edema (localized, generalized) n phlebitis, thrombophlebitis n emboli, embolus, embolectomy n thrombolysis n ligation and stripping

32 Oncology n Myxoma –tumor of mucous connective tissue n Metastasized from malignant melanoma

33 Terms n Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic n Diagnostic Procedures

34 n Angiography-x-ray of blood vessels after injection of contrast medium-angiogram n Angiocardiography- radiopaque dye and chest x- rays to show dimensions of heart and large blood vessels - angiocardiogram

35 Cardiac Catheterization n radiopaque dye injected through a vein or artery to heart n Right: catheter inserted into vein: R arm/groin to heart to measure pressures & take blood samples

36 Pharmacology n Antianginals n antihypertensives n beta blockers n calcium channel blockers n diuretics n heparin n inotropics, cardiotonics n tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) n vasodilators

37 End of Chapter 9