Inter-Regional GROW Conference: Bologna, 20th June, 2007 Bridging Economy and Environment: Use of Environmental Accounting in Local & Regional contexts Alistair Hunt University of Bath, UK Inter-Regional GROW Conference: Bologna, 20th June, 2007

EU Policy Context Lisbon (economic and social) Gothenburg (environment) Climate change  Sustainable transport  Public health Resource management Green accounting links economic and environmental objectives

Overview of Presentation Green (environmental) accounting Rationale Elements of Green Accounting: Theoretical & conceptual basis Empirical progress in different contexts Conclusions for research and practical applications.

Rationale for conventional accounting Measurement of economic activity - production = GDP Often used as indicator of welfare Two elements of accounts Changes in Stocks of Capital - Investment Measurement of production/output – Flows - Consumption

Standard National Accounts (SNA) framework NNP = C + I – D + X – M Where: NNP = Net National Product C = Consumption I = Investment D = Depreciation X = Exports M = Imports Misleadingly used as measure of welfare: welfare not proportionate to consumption of produced goods

Green accounting – rationale “The effect of mankind’s activity upon the environment has been an important policy issue throughout the last part of the twentieth century…. increasing recognition that continuing economic growth and human welfare are dependent upon the services provided by the environment” Source: The United Nations Handbook of National Accounting - Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting Economic – Environmental linkages have implications for meso- and macro-economic management Meso/macro-economic management more responsive to environment if environmental indicators exist (raw materials and energy used to produce goods and services, the absorption of waste from human activities, basic roles in life support and provision of other amenities such as landscape.”

Economic activity and environmental impact

Elements of Green Accounting - Outline Environmental services Ecosystem life support systems Landscape Environmental damages Pollution flows e.g air & water quality Defensive (environmental protection) expenditures e.g. noise reducing windows & IPPC technologies Resource depletion Non-renewables; renewables

Weak and Strong Sustainability Different types of capital: Manmade capital - K Human Capital (Intellectual capital) - H Social capital - SC Natural capital - N Stocks of natural resources including oil, gas forests and fisheries The earth’s life-support system

Weak and Strong Sustainability Weak sustainability: The sum of the values of changes in capital stocks must be positive. E.g. the Hartwick rule Strong sustainability: Each type of capital stock must be maintained in its own right.

Empirical progress in Environmental Accounting in different contexts – some evidence

UN initiative on Green Accounting – UNSEEA (1993, 2000, 2003) System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) – complements SNA method for measuring economic activity Adds environmental information to existing Input-Output economic data Physical stock and flow tables Hybrid (physical & monetary) stock and flow tables Methodological guidance on resource depletion, degradation, defensive expenditures

Physical & monetary stock and flow tables Often known as NAMEAs (National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts). Physical flow accounts include four types of flow: products (produced in the economic sphere and used within it), natural resources (mineral, energy, biological), ecosystem inputs (air and water) and residuals (solid, effluent, emissions). Each of these accounts is expressed in terms of supply to, and use by, the economy. i.e. tables represent the flows between the economy and the environment.

Simple hybrid supply and use table – Use in RAMEA/NAMEA

An indicator of weak sustainability: genuine savings Genuine Savings = monetary savings less the depreciation on manmade capital less the depletion of natural capital. (From S = Iv identity) Value of changes in economy’s overall capital stocks. Negative genuine saving corresponds to unsustainability, since if depleting capital stock, can receive lower welfare from it in future Genuine Savings rates low or negative for Sub-Saharan Africa and for Middle East and North Africa. Assumes all capital is substitutable

Genuine savings for Tunisia, as % of GDP

The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) ISEW (Daly and Cobb (1989)) current welfare should be measured as the current flow of services from all sources, rather than current output of marketed goods E.g. value for leisure time to correct for the fact that welfare could increase while NNP decreases if people choose to work less; higher incomes of urban residents are compensation for externalities connected with urbanisation and congestion,  proportion of income should not be included as welfare

The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) Consumption + Investment + Extra-Market services + Consumer Durables Services + Services of Roads + Public Health & Education – Consumer Durables Expenditure – Private Defensive Expenditure on Health /Education – Advertising – Commuting costs – Pollution costs – cost of loss of ecosystems – resource depletion costs – Long term environmental damage Applications at national level: UK, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Austria Applications at local level: Siena (Pulselli et. al. 2006) Problem – mixes sustainability and welfare issues in single measure

Index of Consumption Corrected for Environmental Damage (ICCED) - EC Greensense project ICCED developed: to demonstrate how well-being changes over time if sustainability standards imposed and effects of environmental damage are accounted for. corrects for environmental damage and expenditure incurred under sustainability policies (similarities with local EcoBudget initiatives e.g. Roma)

Sustainability targets analysed under the GREENSENSE project

Greensense: Environmental impacts on welfare (UK)

Greensense: ICCED Measures - UK

Summary of Empirical initiatives NAMEA: includes environmental issues within standard accounting framework Genuine savings – sustainability-related decision rule ISEW – broader interpretation of welfare ICCED – includes welfare effects of meeting sustainability targets

Conclusions on Green Accounting Recognition of need to address both current welfare and sustainability issues from macro-perspective National and international initiatives (e.g. UN SEEA, 2003) are developing improved methodologies Variety of initiatives reflects lack of consensus on priorities and methods Local applications of methods can reflect regulatory responsibilities but may be difficult to define sustainability at this scale? Applications very data-hungry and modelling intensive