Chapter Geography of Evolution Platyrrhini Catarrhini

Figure 6.2 Biogeographic realms

Figure 6.4 Provinces, or regions of endemism, in Australia, based on pattern of distribution of birds

Figure 6.5 Examples of disjunct distributions: dispersal, continuous distribution, then isolation Araucaria Chile, SA Queensland, Australia Alligator U.S. China

Figure 6.6 The history of range expansion of the European starling following its introduction into NYC in 1896 Dispersal can be rapid

Cenozoic Era NA & SA separated by H 2 O barrier Isthmus of Panama formed 2-3 mya Two consequences Vicariance

Figure 6.9 Phylogenetic relationships as indicators of biogeographic history

Figure 6.11 (A) Gondwana in the early Cretaceous, indicating approximate times connections among the southern land masses were severed. (B) Branching diagram depicting the breakup of Gondwana

Figure 6.13 Phylogeny of major lineages in 3 orders of birds, showing their association with land masses, as they were in the early Cretaceous (Part 2)

Figure 6.16 Geography and two hypotheses on the origin of modern humans

Figure 6.17 Gene tree based on complete sequences of mitochondrial genomes from human populations throughout the world

Figure 6.18 The movement of human populations from about 50 to 10 Kya Y-DNA markers

Genetic diversity at a single locus in chromosome 12; among people of 7 geographic regions; 12 different alleles Each plot shows the frequencies of the various alleles for people of a particular region. Arranged by travel distance. If non-African populations were founded by small bands of people migrating out of Africa, then non-African populations should have reduced genetic diversity. 1. African populations show much greater allelic diversity than non-African populations 2. Consistent with African replacement model.

53 individuals complete sequence of mtDNA Common ancestor of all modern mtDNAs lived in Africa A B A.Most recent common ancestor of all modern mtDNA B.Most recent common ancestor of Africans and non-Africans Consistent with African Replacement Model

Comparison of genetic variation (mtDNA) Chimpanzee subspecies are more genetically variable than any two human populations

Milford Wolpoff Phillip Rightmire Richard Klein Competing hypotheses Fossil evidence